Introduction To European Union Environment Policy Economics Essay

As old ages base on balls by, we use more and more of the universe ‘s natural resources. The day-to-day life is really feverish and everybody attempts to travel someplace really fast. The haste in life ne’er stops. We consume more than earlier as the production degree in any sector is higher than earlier. The population is turning and turning and engineering supports the tendency of ingestion, but what about nature? Is nature besides acquiring good with all this addition? The reply is no: Global heating, alteration in climes, and the off flights because of the vent eruption from Eyjafjallajokull Glacier Island ( Skinner, R. ( 2010 ) . Some ruins some rebuilds. It is clip to take necessary actions in order to cover with environmental alterations. European Union has been the innovator to take the proper actions. Not lone actions but besides implement ordinances, directives to forestall farther harm. ‘Directives allow member provinces to run into EU aims in a mode that is best suited to their ain specific environmental conditions. Conversely, international enterprises, peculiarly, but non merely, those associating to climate alteration, are besides progressively determining European environmental policy ‘ ( Johnson, D. and Turner, C. ( 2006 ) )

In order to implement and prolong the policy, there are two types of policy enterprises. One is voluntary strategies: ain enterprise strategies, cooperation, eco-labeling, environmental direction strategies. The other one is mandatory enterprises: environmental liability, emanation trading, revenue enhancement.

The Environment Policy is about

The nucleus aim of EU policy is the sustainable development. The environment policy aims to protect the nature by curtailing H2O pollution, restricting airborne emanations from power Stationss and motor vehicles, cut downing pollution of Chemical industry. Waste is besides an of import factor the aggregation, disposal, recycling and processing of the waste. The companies and makers in EU can non get away implementing this policy. In order to implement it, they need to alter their fabrication or concern procedure in a more environmentally friendly manner, intending the modernisation thoughts and the invention. This is dearly-won but in the long tally it increases the fight of the company in the market. Many companies demonstrate their committedness to environment by bring forthing regular environmental studies and action programs. It is an of import scheme

Adaptation and Enlargement Effectss

The challenges of the EU additions, as EU expands more, since its capacity to implement environment policies has been affected negatively. New Member States are non any obstructions to follow environment policy. However, after the expansion with Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, the EU got its size doubled, therefore it effected the overall capacity to develop new policies, like enrionmen policty. Because of the “ execution spread ” ( Jordan, 1999 ) , a new job occurred.

Actually the post-socialist history of the new Member States become a job in term of environment, since their administrative capacity to implement policies is non strong plenty, their sections for environment policy are non full of good qualified staff. ( Homeyer, 2004 ) Even there are some institutional alterations, the new comers prevent the effectual agencies. Therefore, co-decision process becomes on the environmental statute law through the Treaty of Amsterdam so that new Member States do non barricade new environmental statute law. ( Scheurs, 2004 )

Afterwards, Barroso Commission ( 2004 ) indicated that “ the European Commission is seen as the ‘engine of integrating ‘ , with its docket puting power peculiarly of import for increasing the influence of the ‘leaders ‘ on EU environmental determination devising. ” ( Skj?rseth & A ; Wettestad, 2007 )

An illustration for integrating is the Clean Air Program which was launched by the European Commission in May 2001. ( Skj?rseth & A ; Wettestad, 2007 ) Therefore, the Commission wants to demo the importance of the significance of affecting campaigner states to develop a scheme on air pollution. Response rate from new members were good. Yet, Poland anticipating that coal will stay the chief energy bearer became a chief critic while EU-15 was back uping the scheme proposal. Harmonizing to EU Council ( 2005 ) , Poland ‘s position was besides a mark that Poland was oppugning the pragmatism of the suggested overall EU marks for 2020. On the other manus, there was a clear support for that scheme by several other new Member States like Cyprus and Latvia and accession provinces as Bulgaria and Romania. ( EU Council, 2005 ) However, there were treatments about deadline for conformity as Poland received deadline for 2017 whereas Estonia and Lithuania had a 2015 deadline, and the Czech Republic and Slovakia obtained it until 2007. This procedure was monitored carefully since particularly the Czech Republic and Poland were Europe ‘s major emitters. There were struggles between the ministries of the environment and finance. These holds have besides meant holds in acquiring the registers of them into EU. What is more, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia and Poland did non hold registers in topographic point by 2004. Even by 2006 Poland ‘s register was still non to the full linked with the system.

Harmonizing to EU Commission ( 2004 ) , about 100 % of the environmental policies were transposed into national jurisprudence in the new Member States. All the new Member provinces are for implementing the policies, so the administrative capacity is to authorise. Thankss to horizontal environmental statute law, air quality, waste direction, H2O quality, chemicals and genetically modified beings, noise, and atomic safety and radiation protection were implemented.

Legally adhering marks guarantee the control of the execution in that passage period. The Central and Eastern European states have received fiscal support under the pre-accession instruments for the execution of the directives since 2000. ( EU Commission, 2004 ) Besides, there is an chance for the new Member States: Some spreads existed in institution-building in the environment field before the accession and they could finish them after the accession. The support system which is called ‘Transition Facility ‘ provides support to the new Member States so that the states make offer to the Commission the list of precedence Fieldss and the environment undertakings. Thereafter, the EU introduced LIFE Program as a new fiscal instrument for the environment. Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Slovenia and Slovakia joined the LIFE plan during the pre-accession period. For illustration, a undertaking was implemented by Estonia in 2003, it was for introducing and implementing the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology and It was called: Effectss of Oil Shale Electricity on the Environmental Performance of Products.

Latvia created another Undertaking which was called: Treatment of Biodegradable Organic Municipal Waste Using Composting Technologies in 2003. ( EU Commission, 2004 )

In Central and Eastern campaigner states ISPA has been working in order to supply fiscal support to large environmental substructure undertakings in footings of H2O and waste sectors.It financed for sanctioned 15 environmental undertakings in Lithuania, 33 undertakings in Poland, 9 undertakings in the Czech Republic, 13 undertakings in Estonia, 19 undertakings in Hungary, 10 undertakings in Latvia, 12 undertakings in Slovakia, and 8 undertakings in Slovenia from 2000 to 2002. ( EU Commission, 2004 )

4. An Example as a Candidate Country Turkey

Turkey has a batch to make in order to incorporate environmental protection demands into execution and in order to accomplish sustainable development. Strengthening administrative capacity and coordination mechanisms between the governments need to be regarded. Investings should be secured to guarantee execution and all new investing undertakings should follow with the EU environment acquis.

It can be said that Turkey adopted a scheme for the environmental acquis. However the integrating of environmental considerations is a easy procedure. Although serious actions are taken, Turkey ‘s environmental jobs are declining. There is a trade-off between economic development and ecology. The relationship between Turkey and the European Union ( EU ) is critical. On the one manus EU rank is a really of import fact of Turkish statements for a better economic growing ; on the other manus EU is involved in political relations and policies of development in Turkey. The European Commission prepares one-year advancement studies for all campaigner states. On Turkey: 2005 Progress Report, an of import fact was seen: the power and battles for liberty and control. So concepts such as “ environment ” and “ sustainable development ” are non cosmopolitan. They are constituted within and through political procedures. So it is an of import fact as EU leads future member provinces toward sustainable development. Turkey ‘s mean GDP is around 6400 Euros whereas it is 24.800 Euros in EU, so EU might be expected to assist Turkey. European economic systems are strongly affected from environmental alterations such as planetary heating, deforestation of rain forests, and depletion of universe piscaries.

Although the EU has really strength environmental ordinances, Turkey is non dawdling far behind. The desire of ‘catch up ‘ with the West is really strong in political system, so the environmental statute law is good developed but there is this sustainability job as there is an developing administrative capacity. The province has a immense power, plus bureaucratism makes it even harder. Many European states had reached ‘development ‘ before the environmental crisis occurred, so now they are more concerned about it, but in Turkey ‘s instance, it has a quandary because it wants to keep both rapid economic growing and besides ecological unity. So there are hard picks to do about development aspirations and environmental societal motions.

The advancement of the EU accession requires heterotaxy of all related statute law and enforcement, what is more, the reorganisation of institutional construction. Many Ministries such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Health work, authorities bureaus, local governments, municipalities, work to accomplish ends in the environmental country.

To get the better of the jobs, the environmental consciousness, the Professional staff and strong legislative construction are required, but it was besides found out that, more cooperation and fiscal resources were needed in order to follow with the EU environmental acquis.

On 8 November 2000, the European Commission announced the first Accession Document which shows a route map and explains the Turkey ‘s full rank scheme.

In April 2003 and November 2005 and 2007, the environment chapter was revised. As a response Turkey created a National Program for the Adoption of the Acquis. And in 2003 National program was revised..[ 1 ]

The precedences are categorized by their period. There are short medium and long term 1s. They are about betterment of H2O quality, air quality, and increase effectivity of waste direction, industrial pollution, environmental impact assessment procedure, environmental noise direction, chemicals and genetically modified beings.[ 2 ]

E.U. council adopted a Negotiation Framework which included ‘Environment ‘as good in 2005, so in 2007 the Commission held an ‘explanatory testing meeting ‘ where it besides explained the demands they expect from Turkey related with each EU environment statute law. It was like an appraisal because in 2006 Turkey showed what it has been making, what degree it has come to in footings of alliance with the EU environmental statute law, so this information was used by readying of the Screening Report for Environment Chapter in 2007.

There is a timetable for Turkey which shows the heterotaxy of the all EU statute law of 2007, in ‘Turkey ‘s Program for Alignment with the EU Acquis ” , the plan covers the planned Transposition of EU environmental statute law during the period 2007-2013

In November 2007, the revised Accession Partnership Document and Progress Report of 2007 were clarified. So the advancement degree of Turkey was explained. The study assessed Turkey in footings of heterotaxy, execution, enforcement and eventually administrative capacity since 2006

“ Turkey has made significant advancement in beef uping the administrative capacity at cardinal degree. However, limited advancement can be reported on horizontal statute law, air quality, chemicals, noise and waste. Turkey made no advancement in the country of industrial pollution and hazard direction. The overall degree of heterotaxy of the environmental acquis is low. ”[ 3 ]

In order to do stairss in harmonisation procedure of environmental statute law, Turkey should work more because this addition affects the environmental criterions straight and helps to develop in a sustainable manner.

5. Different Pollution Problems of Turkey and Turkey ‘s attempts

Turkish economic system ‘s growing increased in the mid 1999s, this roar in the industrial production caused higher degrees of pollution and hazards for the state ‘s environment. This rise in the energy ingestion made Turkey to import more oil and gas, so this increased the oil oiler traffic in the Black Sea and Bosporus Straits.

Since 1983, Turkey is a formal campaigner to entree to European Union and in 1991 a national national Ministry of Environment was created. On the sou’-east of Turkey, hydroelectric energy suppliers are being built and the cleaner-burning natural gas is being replaced coal in power coevals. The calamity of Tisza and Danube rivers in sou’-east Europe made Turkey understand the importance of strong environmental protection step and how delicate the environment was.

In Romania a gold mine ‘s reservoir wall fell and cyanide-tainted H2O poured into the Tisza River. This poisoned H2O killed 1000s of fish in Hungary.

The spill was stopped before it reached to Black Sea and Marmara Sea, but Turkey took H2O samples in the Bosporus Straits in order to see how the effects changed the H2O.

5.1 Marine Pollution

It was a opportunity that Turkey escaped the cyanide pollution of Romania, so it could non foul the shores of the Anatolian peninsula. However increasing transporting traffic in narrow Bosporus panic people because a major accident could alter the environment earnestly. Istanbul has more than 15 million occupants and such an accident would jeopardize the wellness of 1000000s.

After the terminal of the Cold War, 45,000 vass per twelvemonth ( which makes one every 12 proceedingss ) pass through Bosporus. So this tremendous traffic is the ground of turning figure of accidents. 155 hits happened between 1988 and 1992 ( Energy Information Administration, 2000 ) .

Bosporus has many invitees that transport high volumes of oil ; there is a possibility of an accident of these oil oilers. That oil would destroy the Marine environment For illustration, In 1994, a oiler called Nassia belonging to Greek Cyprus collided with another ship which resulted decease of 30 sea work forces and, sloping of 20,000 dozenss of oil into the sea. The accident did non go on in urban, so a possible catastrophe was avoided. So after this, ordinances were passed which required studies to the Turkish environmental protection ministry when ships transporting unsafe stuffs base on balls, but Turkey have limited power because of the 1936 Treaty of Montreux when modulating commercial transportation, as the pact says the Straits are international waterway.

Pollution in Bosporus declined the fishing degrees to 1/60th of their former degrees. The Black sea ‘s ecosystem got worse because of overfishing and pollution, and killing costs are close to $ 15 billion.

In order to cut down this Marine pollution caused by ship traffic, Turkey helped to seek alternate ways to transport oil and gas from Cardinal Asia. Finally, a Caspian gas grapevine between Baku and Turkish Mediterranean port of Ceyhan were built

5.2.Air Pollution

Smog is a large job in large metropoliss of Turkey. The auto ownership increases that, and as Turkey develops the economic system, the job will non be solved. To cut down the pollution, Turkey wants coal power workss to desulphurize flue gas. The natural gas grapevine from Russia will supply Turkey with gas instead than coal, which is better for the air.

Despite all this, The International Energy Agency did non happen Turkey ‘s attempts to cut down air pollution sufficient. Turkey should keep and increase investings in urban countries.

5.3.Energy Consumption

The ingestion of energy has risen from 1.0 quadrillion Btu ( 1980 ) to 2.9 quads in 1998. 50 % of this ingestion belongs to industrial sector, 27 % residential, 16.4 % for transit and 6.7 % commercial. 43.9 % is of oil, 26.7 % of coal and 13.2 % natural gas.[ 4 ]

The analysts think that as the energy sector is chiefly province owned, authorities ‘s pricing policy caused inefficient usage of energy.

5.4.Carbon Emissions

In 18 old ages from 1980 to 1998 the C emanations increased from 18 million metric dozenss to 47.1 million metric dozenss. Turkey is neither a member of U.N. Framework Convention on Climate alteration nor the Kyoto Protocol so this agency there is no binding demands to cut C emanations between 2008 -2012. Despite this, Turkey is sing come ining to the Kyoto Protocol ; it established a National Climate Coordination Group.

5.5.Energy and Carbon Intensity

When looking at Co2 emissons per capita and energy ingestion per capita, Turkey has the lowest rate among IEA states. ( International Energy Agency ) As energy ingestion is lifting, the IEA wants Turkey to follow more policies related to energy-efficiency. And utilizing more natural gas for electricity and residential warming would be better.

Monetary value reform would assist people to alter their energy ingestion wonts and exchange to more energy efficient resources.

5.6.Renewable Energy

Hydroelectric power provides 40 % of the electricity demand in Turkey, it is planned to accomplish 69,051 gigawatt-hours per twelvemonth.[ 5 ]There were some differences with neighbor states: Syria and Iraq were concerned that the H2O supply to their states would cut down.

Turkey besides wants to construct wind power workss, 2 % of the electricity should be gained from air current power. Geothermal energy is besides expected to increase. Environmentalists protested against the planned atomic power works

5.7. Turkey in the twenty-first Century

In order to do good moves to be able to come in EU, Turkey should accomplish increased energy efficiency. If the environment continued being guarded, the economic development would go on. The more natural gas replaces carbon-intensive fuels, the better it is. Tax should be used to advance the usage of cleaner fuels.

Above all instruction is really of import. The populace should cognize the benefits of energy -saving. If large industries besides participate in energy efficiency plans, Turkey would profit that long-run.

Turkey ‘s State Planning Organization is join forcesing with World Bank to implement activities in Turkey ; the Undertaking is called ‘Turkish National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan. ‘

6.Reports

In 2002, Turkey started doing advancement by permuting the acquis and by sing the betterment of administrative capacities ( October, 2002 Report ) .

In 2003, the degree of alliance and the execution of statute law was deficient. ( November, 2003 Report ) . Although some advancement was made, the general degree of heterotaxy of the environment acquis stayed low. Besides, there was a major concern in the failing of execution and enforcement. To be secured, considerable investings were needed. ( October, 2004 Report ) .

In 2005 in waste direction, noise and nature protection stairss were taken, but still there was a batch to make to accomplish required heterotaxy of the environmental acquis ( November, 2005 Report ) .

The Commission adds that whilst holding some advancement on waste direction and noise, the overall degree of heterotaxy of the environmental acquis remains low. There is still deficiency of advancement on horizontal statute law, which creates a concern, particularly on transboundary issues and public audience ( November, 2006 Report ) .

Good advancement was made in footings of administrative capacity – but still low advancement in environmental countries. The overall degree of heterotaxy was low ( November 2007 ) .

Applications of some reforms in footings of air quality and H2O quality were made, there was a powerful administrative capacity but the degree of alliance remained low, and some Torahs which were adopted in 2008 can jeopardize the environment ( in the field of mining operations and touristry ) ( November, 2008 Report ) .