Influence from Mexican and Puerto Ricans in the Us Culture

The U. S. culture has been saturated with Mexican and Puerto Rican influences. Influence is defined as a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do. I believe most of the influences are good but there are also some that are bad. The two major influences that will be brought up would be the influence of human creativity and violence. Puerto Ricans had a unique blend of human creativity. “Fueled by that political awakening, a cultural renaissance emerged among Puerto Rican artists. ” By the 1960’s salsa music began to emerge.

Puerto Ricans rooted this category of music especially in the New York area. Fania Records became the dominant record label in the early salsa music scene. Juan Gonzalez mentioned artist such as Eddie and Charlie Palmieri, Willie Colon and Ray Barretto. They provoked with there politically charged lyrics. It also sprang up writers such as Piri Thomas and Nicholasa Mohr mentioned by Juan Gonzalez. Piri Thomas was born in the Spanish Harlem section of Manhattan and is known for his best seller autobiography “Down These Mean Streets”pg63 and describes his struggle having Puerto Rican heritage.

Nicholasa Mohr her works also told of the difficulties of growing up in Puerto Rican communities in the New York area. As more Puerto Rican came to into the States a big clash of racial identity rose. Black and White was a struggle in itself then Brown came in to the mix it mad things twist. “A dwindling tax base, brought about by the flight of industry and skilled white workers to the suburbs, massive disinvestment by government in public schools and infrastructure, and the epidemics of drug and alcohol abuse, all tore at the quality of city life”Pg 64.

Lack of investment in the infrastructure and public schools by the government was a major contributor to this especially since most did not know how to speak English and the teachers did not know how to translate to the students. “The third generation of Puerto Ricans, those who came of age in the late 1980s and early 1990s, found themselves crippled by inferior schools, a lack of jobs, and underfunded social services. They found their neighborhoods inundated with drugs and violence. They grew up devoid, for the most part, of self-image, national identity, or cultural awareness.

They became the lost generation. ”Pg63 Mexicans also had there share of influencial human creativity. Mexicans are known for developing corrido music. They were smart about this music though because they were used to inform. They had dates names warnings and some were stories of crime or love. ” The average corrido was usually so filled with dates, names, and factual details that it functioned not only as entertainment but also as a news report, historical narrative, and commentary for the mass of Mexicans who were still illiterate”. g124. To change up the creativity from the arts to a more meaningful influence would be the founding of MAYO and no not the one you eat but Mexican American Youth Organization. This was intended to protect the civil rights of Mexican Americans. “One of the most influential groups to arise during the period was the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO), founded in San Antonio by Willie Velazquez, a young community organizer for the Catholic Bishop’s Committee on the Spanish Speaking, and Crystal City’s Jose Angel Gutierrez. ”pg 69.

Mexicans have been picked on for decades and are still being hated upon. What was heavily impacted were schools and nothing was done about it. MAYO staged school walk outs to gain power. These acts would allow them to earn seats on school boards which in turn allowed them to participate in deciding what was best for their own people. In turn violence also was majorly influence. The US culture was raised to hate Mexicans. ” Once the Great Depression hit and unemployment surged among whites, though, not even Mexicans who spoke fluent English escaped the anti-immigrant hysteria.

More than 500,000 were forcibly deported during the 1930s, among them many who were U. S. citizens. ” Speaking spanish a lot of times was a burden for mexicans which made them targets since most that all they spoke. To conclude Puerto Ricans and Mexicans have influenced the US culture. It still hasn’t stopped it continues to. More than likely it will still influence for many more years to come. They have been put down but they come right back up and stronger. They have given a lot to stop and to soak in many years of heritage. So go dance to some salsa or sing a corrido for a change.

Business Model of P&G

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P&G??????????????? 80?????????????????????? ,P&G??????????????????? ,??????????????????? ,??????????????????????????????? ?? P&G????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ,80??? 90?????????? :???????? ,????????? ;?????????????????????????????????????? ;???????? ,???????????? ?? P&G?????????????????????? : ?? 1.???????????????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????? ,????????? ,????????? ?? 2.???????????? P&G???????????????????????????? ,?????????????????????? ,??????????? ,??? P&G???????? ???? P&G?????????????? ,?????????????????? : ?? 1.??????????????????? ,?????????????? “???? “??? ,????????????????? ,??????????? ?? 2.??????????????? ,???????????? ,????????????????? ?? .??????? “???? “,P&G???????? “???? “???? “???? “???? ,???????? ,?????? ,???????? ,???? P&G????????? ,?? P&G???????? ?? 4.???????????????????? ,?????? ,??????? ???????????? ,P&G??????????????????? ?? P&G?????????????????????? ,???? MIS???????????????? ;????? ,P&G???????????????? ,?????????????????? ,????????? /???????????????????????????? ,P&G????????????? ?? 1.????????????? ,????????????????? ,????????????????? ?? 2.?????????? ,?????????????????? ,????????????????? ?? 3.???????????????????? ,?????????? ,??????????????????? (?????? )?????? ,P&G??? “?? “?? ,???? 130??????????????? ??????? ?? 1988????????? ,??????????????? ,????????????? ,???????????????????? ,??????????????????????? ???????????? ,???????? ,???????????????? 70%??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ,?????????????????????????? ,???????????? 35%,???? ??????????????????????????? ,?????????????????????????????????????????? ,? 2003? ,????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ,???????????????????????? ,???? : ——???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?,???????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ,?????????????? (??? ,??????????????????????????? ),?????????????????? ;?????????????????????? ,????????? ,???????????? ?2002??? ,???????????????????????????????????????????????? ,?????????????????? ,?????????????? ,??????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????? ,?????????????? ——??????????????????????????????? IT???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? :????????????????????????????????????????? ,1999?????? “2005???? ”??? “2005???? ”?????? ,????????????????????????????? ,?????????????????????????????????????? ;???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ,????????? ,???????????? ???????? ,????????? ,???????????????? ,??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ,????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? KA??????????? ,???????????????? ECR(????????? )??????????? ,????????? -??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ——???????? (??? )???? ,??????????????? ??????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ,?? ,?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ,?????????? ,??????? ——??????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ,????????????????????????? ,?????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????? :?????????????????????? ,????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????????????? ,???????????? ,???????????????????? ,?????????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ,??????????????????? ,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????? ,????????? 1988???????????????????????? ????????????????? 1988???????? : ????????????????? ,?????????? ??????????? ,???????????????? ;?????????? ,???????? ??? 10?????? ,???????????????????????? ;???????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ,??????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ,???????????????????? ,?????????? ,???????? 70%?????? ???????????????? ???? (P&G)???????? 10??? ,???????????? (???????? )???????????????????? (?????????????? IT)??????? ——??????? (GBS),?????????????????????? ,??????????????? 6?????? ,????????????? 2005???????? (Gillette)??????????????? ,????????????????????????????? ,???????????????????????????????

Promotion Opportunity Analysis

2. 0 Promotion Opportunity Analysis In this phase we are going to introduce the opportunity analysis that is in fact the foundation of the rest of the campaign development. It is really important to analyze the key target markets which apply in the following: •Demographics -> from the facts given from Nestle company we can figure that demographics form as following: we make a separation among 60% of households & 40% of singles. •Income -> we refer to people with average monthly salary between 500,00 to 700,00 €. Social Class -> Almost all social classes are included regarding the fact that our product has an approachable price. •Phychographic Variables -> the main variable of this part that we can refer on is the fact that in the case of families, Clusters ™ consist a first need consuming product, so it is bought rather unsolicited. On the other hand, singles that also consist a part of our target market, are a group that become repeating buyers in the case that are really satisfied by the product . . 1 Communication Analysis In this part we are going to identify and analyze the marketing environment as well as the communications that takes place into this. This will come up through PEST and SWOT Analysis. According the usage of the above tools we have the following: PEST ANALYSIS POLITICALENVIRONMENTAL economic recession in our cases pushes competitive price among other similar products positive because of the competitive price SOCIALTECHNOLOGICAL

Trends & modern social models enhance new technologies allow mass communication breakfast establisment as a more healthy to potential & existing customers way of life From the PEST Analysis we can figure that political, social and environmental factors are positive to our product’s relaunch, and the environment is positive to accept new data for Clusters ™. SWOT ANALYSIS StrengthsWeaknesses * established product* Big competitor with quite similar product * consumers trust the big brand (Nestle)also established

OpportunitiesThreats * new edition with bigger amount of nuts* New imported brands * nutritional studies that show how important breakfast is *more & more people take care of their nutrition Furthermore analysis, of opportunities, strengths, weaknesses and threats shows that we may have to face an established competitor but changes such as our new edition or the general trade that promotes a way of life that includes good nutrition and exercise, enhance our attempt to rise our market share.

Media vehicles that are going to be used in order to promote will be the following: •TV ( including commercials played among programs that refer to nutrition and healthier way of life) •Magazines (such as “Forma” & “ Shape” that also refer to nutritional and digestion matters will include inserts and full-page advertisements) 2. 1. 1 Competitive Analysis Competitive analysis features elements that characterize our product in the market and differentiates it among its main competitors.

In parallel, marketing techniques that are going to be used in order to promote it to potential customers, are also going to be referred in this part. Data that was given from the company, and that also occurred from the market survey that took place showed the following: Our marketing strategy summarizes the following really important benefits. GDA (Guideline Daily Amounts) as well as the nutritional values that our cereals have, are approved by organizations that control such matters.

Additionaly, Clusters ™ have the essential intake of calories for the specific ingredients. This concludes to the trend that each serving of our cereals helps to the adoption of a healthier dietary, that is something more than a trend in nowadays. Vitamins and mineralsPer 100g % RDA*Per serving % RDA* Vitamin C 51 mg 85%17. 5 mg 25% Thiamin (B1)1. 2 mg85%0. 4 mg25% Riboflavin (B2)1. 4 mg85%0. 6 mg35% Niacin15. 3 mg85%4. 7 mg25% Vitamin B61. 7 mg85%0. 5 mg25% Folic acid (folacin)170 ug85%51. 0 ug25% Vitamin B120. 85 ug85%0. 75 ug75%

Pantothenic acid5. 1 mg85%1. 9 mg30% Iron11. 9 mg85%3. 6 mg25% Calcium267 mg 30%230 mg 25% *Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) according to the EC Nutrition Labelling Directive 90/496/EEC. ** Not mandatory to list this. A 30 gram serving of Nestle Clusters provides 25% of the RDA of eight vitamins and iron. Furthermore, the package weights 500 gr, and costs 3,00 €, while similar competitive products, in packages of 375 gr, cost more than 3,50 €. This makes our product be value for money, especially in the case of households with income up to 700,00 €.

Finally, Kellogg’s cereals, appear to be our main competitor having the bigger part of the market share, may be an established product, but has remain out of publicity for a long time . This is in fact a change for Cluster’s™, regarding the fact that consumers are always affected by the expose of a product in the advertising panel. Segments in which we are going to address to, are those who are not well reached by the competitors in first line advertisement.

Continuing we will try to import new groups of people that will be potential consumers. Another really important point, that was reported briefly above, is the gap between our product’s price, and the price of the competitive products. This is a major issue, mainly for households that consume cereals, because every housewife has to manage the monthly expenses, cross-checking prices among similar products. While on the other hand, singles, buy more easily products that simply enjoy.

In the following chart we can see a comparison among main product’s and other factors characteristics, that conclude to the way that we should act in the market in order to achieve finally bigger market share: Product NestleKellogg’s Quality55 Selection55 Price53 Added Value Factors NestleKellogg’s Experience55 Expertise55 Reputation55 Image45 Stability54 (1) *Grading : 1 worst – 5 excellent* (1)Results occurred from market syrvey & general outline of 2 companies

According to the table given above, that came up after actual elements that companies gather, and from a marketing survey that took place, we can see that Nestle with Clusters™ , have the competitive advantage of the lower price, while in parallel lacks of image establishment in comparison with Kellogg’s. This means that we will have to raise product’s awareness through promotional activities and brand awareness to the potential customers. 2. 1. Opportunity Analysis In the particular part, we are going to assess the attractive factors that represent the reason of our activities , and analyze the opportunities that exist in our market and in our business environment. Attractive Factors / Ability to offer greater value These are consisted from elements such as the lower price, the bigger package that is in fact more quantity, ending up for once more to the fact that the product is value for money.

Additionally, this is also included to the high quality of the product, and in this way summarizes the three more competitive for the consumer’s perception elements. Market Growth & Lifestyle changes Taking under consideration the trend referred above, that encourages a model of life that includes balanced dietary and exercise, market growth is constantly increasing, having as a result, space for more than one products. We may point a market leader, but competition allows more than one products to have a satisfiying market share. . 1. 3 Target Market Analysis We have already referred to trends, that are nothing more than a kind of forecast of the size of the market and the future spending as well. It is important in this point to refer to the market segments. In our case we are going to address to two main segments that are consisted of family households, and from singles. According to institutes that deal with dietary factors, the following chart shows some common accepted measures that characterize ingredients of a food as high, medium or low.

This will be used as a tool in order to inform consumers about our the ingredients that should daily receive through nutrition , and let them compare this with the clusters™ formula. (1) (2) (1) Chart that explains when ingredients of a food are high, medium or low. (2) Clusters™ ingredients in calories, sugar, fat, saturates and salt. With this way we help consumers realize that what will be stated through the advertising campaign is something proved , and in fact is the minimum they can do in order to preserve their health and physical condition. . 1. 4 Customer Analysis In this part we are going to examine a chart which includes all characteristics given from the company regarding customers. As we can see from the chart follows, we have two main categories of decision makers – buyers which split in 2 subcategories: Housewifes that are the decision makers of households, and singles that are the decision makers of their shopping basket. BYERAGEINCOME% IN THE MARKET (decision maker) HOUSEWIFES30-65500,00 – 1200,0060% SINGLES20-30500,00 – 700,0040% 2. 2. Market Segmentation Strategy Singles Need for good breakfast •Need for retain themselves beautiful / handsome -> stay attractive •Trend of healthier way of life Families (adults & children) •Need for homemade & safe nutrition •Need for a product that all family can consume •Value for money Positioning of product in consumer’s mind 1)For people who work out or have adopted a healthier way pf life trends play a very important role to the above. Regarding the fact that in nowadays the state of being and/or appearing healthy and beautiful is very important in each sector of our everyday life. )A product, clearly grouped in the category of basic need products. Nutrition will never stop be the major issue of every household, whether is consisted of entire family or from a person only. 3)Nutritional characteristics 4)The most important competitor in the particular market is Kellogg’s. 5)Although the bigger competitor has biggest market share, element that differentiates the entire frame of the situation, in fact our product gathers more quality characteristics regarding ingredients and package quality as well. )Speaking for nutritional products, can in many cases hve no obvious customer benefits, except the difference that took place on behalf of our company and introduce another chapter among food comparison. Clinical study showed that our product prevents gaining weight, while offers all nutritional elements can someone gains when eating whole grain flakes with variety of nuts.

Failure/Successes of the United Nations

FAILURE OF UN Failure to prevent the 1994 Rwandan genocide, which resulted in the killings of nearly a million people, due to the refusal of security council members to approve any military action. • Failure by MONUC (UNSC Resolution 1291) to effectively intervene during the Second Congo War, which claimed nearly five million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 1998-2002, and in carrying out and distributing humanitarian aid. Failure to intervene in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre, despite the fact that the UN designated Srebrenica a “safe haven” for refugees and assigned 600 Dutch peacekeepers to protect it. • Failure to successfully deliver food to starving people in Somalia; the food was instead usually seized by local warlords. A U. S. /UN attempt to apprehend the warlords seizing these shipments resulted in the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu. • Failure to implement the provisions of UN Security Council Resolutions 1559 and 1701 calling for disarmament of Lebanese paramilitary groups such as Fatah and Hezbollah. Sexual abuse by UN peacekeepers. In December 2004, during the UN peacekeeping mission in Congo, at least 68 cases of alleged rape, prostitution and pedophilia and more than 150 other allegations have been uncovered by UN investigators, all perpetrated by UN peacekeepers, specifically ones from Pakistan, Uruguay, Morocco, Tunisia, South Africa and Nepal. Peacekeepers from three of those nations are also accused of obstructing the investigation. [ • Also, a French UN logistics expert in Congo was charged of rape and child pornography in the same month.

The BBC reported that young girls were abducted and raped by UN peacekeepers in Port-au-Prince. Similar accusations have been made in Liberia and in Sudan. Yes. Almost everyone agrees that the UN ought to be reformed. The difference is just what type of reforms are needed. Security Council- the SC permanent 5 members who have veto power (P5) are a throwback from 1945, and no longer represent the power distribution in the world. Countries like France and the UK are pretty much minor actors in international security, while countries like Germany, Japan, India, and Brazil have grown more powerful economically and militarily.

So there is some talk of reforming the P5 to represent today’s world, and naturally UK and France are a bit upset about it. Human Rights- it was a bit of a shock that countries who have abhorrent human rights records sit on the human rights committee. This has pretty much crippled UN initiatives in human rights. Corruption- while the Kofi-Annan (Food for Oil) incident was really not as widespread as the media made it out to be, there still exists the problem of accountability in the UN. Regional Organizations- since 1945, the world has developed many regional associations which do what the UN does, except better.

The EU is in Europe, CIS in Eastern Europe, SCO in East Asia, ASEAN in Southeast Asia, SAARC for the Indian subcontinent, AU for Africa, and OAS in Latin America all take care of matters like the UN. So these organizations should be integrated (not absorbed) into the UN framework. You really can’t just get rid of the UN. It may fail at regulating power politics (like the war in Iraq), but the UN is helpful in many other more subtle areas (like international maritime law, trade, postal service, etc).

Application of Need Theory by Virginia Henderson

HUMANS Virginia Henderson Physiological 1. Breath normally 2. Eat and drink adequately 3. Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest 6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment. 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument. 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. 0. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. 14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities. Spiritual 11. Worship according to one’s faith. Sociological 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Psychological Virginia Henderson ENVIRONMENTt Individuals in relation to families * Supports tasks of private and public agencies * Society expects nurses to act for individuals who are unable to function independently * Basic nursing care involves providing conditions under which the patient can perform the 14 activities unaided HEALTH * Definition based on individual’s ability to function independently as outlined in the 14 components. * Nurses need to stress promotion of health and prevention and cure of disease. * Good health is a challenge. Affected by age, cultural background, physical, and intellectual capacities, and emotional balance * Impact on health by working of various social issues. Virginia Henderson NURSING: * Definition Henderson’s classic definition of nursing: “I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible. ” * Nurse serves to make patient “complete”,”“whole”,or “independent. * Physicians therapeutic plan * Individualized care * Use nursing research SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD ADAPTATION THEORY HUMANS An adaptive system with coping processes · Described as a whole comprised of parts · Functions as a unity for some purpose · Includes people as individuals or in groups (families, organizations, communities, nations, and society as a whole) · An adaptive system with cognator and regulator subsystems acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes: physiologic-physical, self-concept-group identity, role function, and interdependence

SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD ENVIRONMENT · All conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons and groups with particular consideration of mutuality of person and earth resources · Three kinds of stimuli: focal, contextual, and residual · Significant stimuli in all human adaptation include stage of development, family, and culture SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD

HEALTH AND ADAPTATION · Health: a state and process of being and becoming integrated and whole that reflects person and environmental mutuality · Adaptation: the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons, as individuals and in groups, use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration · Adaptive Responses: responses that promotes integrity in terms of the goals of the human system, that is, survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and personal and environmental transformation · Ineffective Responses: responses that do not contribute to integrity in terms of the goals of the human system · Adaptation levels represent the condition of the life processes described on three different levels: integrated, compensatory, and compromised SISTER CALLISTA ROY, PhD

NURSING · Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation · Nursing goals are to promote adaptation for individuals and groups in the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity · This is done by assessing behavior and factors that influence adaptive abilities and by intervening to expand those abilities and to enhance environmental interactions Dorothea Orem Self-Care Theory HUMANS Self caring agent capable of providing for own individual needs through self-care acitvities. The model is concerned with the provision and management of self-care. A requirement for nursing exists when a person is unable to maintain for him/herself self-care action which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, recovering from disease and injury or coping with their effects. Meet own needs through nutrition, fitness, hygiene, rest and relaxation, interpersonal relationships, meaningful work, spiritual practices, prevention and health promotion practices Dorothea Orem

ENVIRONMENT Context where self-care occurs. Can hinder or support self-care activities. Includes the family, work, community, health care system. Person (client/patient) self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations. HEALTH Promoted by adequate self-care Major areas for “self-care” patient education Maintaining health Enhancing health Includes: exercise & physical fitness nutrition and weight control stress management maintenance of social support systems environmental control Dorothea Orem NURSING systems exist within this professional nursing practice model Compensatory system-nurse provides total care Partially compensatory system-nurse & atient share responsibility for care Educative-development system-client has primary responsibility for personal health, with nurse acting as a consultant Direct Nursing Care (nurse has direct contact with client and/or family) Providing care or teaching in the following areas: Nutrition Hygiene Mobility Medications Behavior HUMAN IMOGENE KING, PhD – consists of the personal, the interpersonal, and the social. – dynamic human being whose perceptions of objects, persons, and events influence his behavior, social interaction, and health The personal system that King speaks of refers to the individual. The concepts within the personal system and fundamental in understanding human beings are perception, self, body image, growth and development, time, and space Interpersonal systems involve individuals interacting with one another. Social systems are groups of people within a community or society that share common goals, interests, and values.

Social systems provide a framework for social interaction and relationships, and establish rules of behavior and courses of action The relationships between these three systems led to King’s Theory of Goal Attainment. IMOGENE KING, PhD ENVIRONMENT The surroundings and interpersonal relationships around the person HEALTH Depemded on a healthy interplay of human interactions, perception, communication, role, stress, time, space, growth and development, and transactions. NURSING Client goals are met through the transaction between nurse and client. The nurse and the person interact toward a goal. The end-point of this interaction, which occurs over time, is transaction, at which the person’s goal is met. The goal of nursing as bringing a person closer to a healthy state

Statement of Purpose

Statement of Purpose Like most young kids in computer science, my first interest was in computer graphics. I remember my interest in graphics led me to build a single player Tic-Tac-Toe game during my high-school year. I tried to incorporate some nice graphics into it and show it off to my friends. However, I soon realized that my Tic-Tac-Toe is actually quite “stupid” and almost always lost to my friends. I started working on it and made it more intelligent so that it never loses to anyone, and wins most of the times.

I didn’t realize that I was working on Artificial Intelligence at that time, but that’s how my interest in Artificial Intelligence started growing. Since then my exposures, associations with clubs, readings, and undergraduate work – all have served to push me into deciding to study, research, teach and discover different aspects of AI, particularly those that connect computer science with robotics, and logic-based planning under incomplete knowledge.

I am now completely taken in by the challenge of solving complex problems, and making generalizations and relationships that concern writing programs which will make machines think, analyze and learn. AI excites me also because it’s becoming a potpourri of all kinds of knowledge’s. Apart from AI I have also developed a keen interest on Bioinformatics through my undergraduate research work during the last few months. Bioinformatics is an area I didn’t know much about.

However, since I started my research on sequence analysis, I have got more and more interested on this area, particularly on processes by which a gene’s information can be converted into the structures and functions of a cell. Life outside classes has been quite exciting for me and I am really enjoying my research work under Dr. Gurpur M. Prabhu. I am currently working on a project on sequence analysis of DNA and to predict functions of the resulting protein. The idea we are working on is to use Conway’s Look and Say Sequence and incorporate some of its properties in the DNA sequence.

The first obvious difference between the two is that Conway’s sequence contains primarily three characters, which are 1, 2, and 3, whereas there are four characters (A, T, C, G) to deal with in the DNA sequence. In Conway’s sequence 1, 2, and 3 are the only characters that can appear in the successors of the original string, even if they were absent there. So I first tried to see whether it’s possible to generate characters other than those three, for example 0 or 4. I proved that it’s not possible for any other character to appear in the successors of the original string, unless it was present in the original string itself.

Another interesting property of the Conway’s Sequence is its 92 audioactive elements, just like elements in the normal periodic table and the concept of compound that can be formed using these elements. There is a sequence which represents each and every element. I am currently working on a program which tests and verifies the similarity of the properties of these elements with the real world elements. Recently I found that though the compound MgCl cannot exist in the real world (only MgCl2 exists), this compound can be formed using Conway’s elements.

I am currently also working on a semester long research project for an AI course on developing artificial intelligence for the game Othello, also known as Reversi. I am particularly focusing on the evaluation function and the search techniques. The two obvious factors to take into account for the evaluation function are the edges and corners of the board. I also discovered that the mobility of the opponent is crucial to the strategy. The idea is to make a move that will restrict the possible moves of the opponent. I am using alpha beta search for this problem.

I discovered that finding the better move towards the beginning cuts off many moves and thus make it faster. Thus I need to devise an algorithm which tries the better moves first. Currently I am working on this algorithm to order the moves so that the better moves come first. Now that I’m close to the completion of my undergraduate program in Computer Science, I am also closing in on a yet another watershed decision in my life – of studying higher and deeper into the area of computer science and get into research in fields like AI, or Bioinformatics.

Although I find lots of interest in working out a difficult program in an unconventional way, I also discovered that my knowledge on the subject is somewhat limited and I do not know the answers to many of my queries. Moreover, though the undergraduate program exposes us to a variety of areas, I’ve found that on several occasions it stops just when things start to get interesting (and complicated). For example, during my Artificial Intelligence class, just when things were getting interesting on the algorithms for inference in Bayesian networks, the professor said, “There are many other variants of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, ut those are outside the scope of this class”. Nonetheless, certain questions remain unanswered, and so, these factors prompted my decision to go for Ph. D. in a good graduate school. Under the Ph. D. program I will get enough scope to translate my thinking and ideas to reality by application to the real problem. This will build up my self-confidence if I am successful. Otherwise, if I fail in a particular application I will get scope of finding the reasons and modify it in the next step. Actually, I’m looking forward to an in-depth and challenging hands-on experience in my Ph.

D. career. Being on a Ph. D. program will also provide me the opportunity to attend conferences and symposium on my chosen area and I will be able to listen to the experts in the area as well as have interactions with them. This will certainly enable me to enrich my knowledge and keep myself updated on the recent developments. Moreover, I believe that the Ph. D. program will help me to enhance my independent thinking and analysis of a problem. This will be of much importance to me in the next career step, when I aspire to take up my own problem and build up own group.

I believe, doing my Ph. D. in ……………will expose me to a deeper area of my chosen topic and will provide me a much optimized environment to expand my knowledge on the subject through associations and interactions with my supervisor and other faculty experts in the department. My reasons of choosing …….. are three. One, …… offers a wonderful integrated Master’s and Ph. D. program in AI; two, it has an acclaimed network of closely working labs that engage in lots of sponsored research on applied AI(where robotics liberally features! as well as Bioinformatics. On my own, since I am interested in doing something in areas like Active Logic, Metacognitive Computation and Simple Hierarchical Ordered Planning, and all of these are very much there in …….. in some variant or the other. And perhaps most importantly, has professors like……… who have been passionately working in ………………. , and if I do my Ph. D. from …….. , I will have the opportunity of interacting with them, and who knows, of even working with them on a path breaking idea.

Change Your Life

Change Your Life, Change Your Shape A Total Lifestyle Approach to a Slim Body By: Valerie Clarke Change Your Life, Change Your Shape A Total Lifestyle Approach to a Slim Body What is it that we really desire? Is it truly just a thinner body? Or is it more energy? More confidence? Less stress? All of the above? Personally, I think that we all just want a sense of well-being, a higher quality of life, and more pleasant experiences with our friends and family. The obvious question here begs to be asked, “How do we obtain that higher quality of life? By refocusing our efforts from the external to the internal; by redirecting our efforts from earning more money and buying more things, to revering our bodies and taking care of ourselves; by creating a happy, healthy lifestyle for ourselves and for our families. Experiences become more enjoyable when we are comfortable in our clothes, when we are more confident, when we are well rested, and when our stress level is low or at least manageable. Too often we are obsessed with insignificant details like numbers on a scale and sizes on clothing tags.

Instead of focusing on obtaining a fantasy body style and setting an unattainable goal, we need to concentrate on creating a lifestyle of health and a sense of well-being from within. By concentrating on making healthy lifestyle choices and carefully manipulating our metabolism, we can spark great change in our lives. The success of this refocusing process hinges upon our ability to view our bodies and our lifestyles through an entirely new set of eyes. We must take a hard look at how we abuse, poison, and neglect our bodies.

Too many of us have ignored our bodies for too long, we do not even understand how what we consume directly affects us. Of course, we notice when our “fat jeans” become our “tight jeans,” but often we are clueless as to where those extra inches came from even though we single-handedly did it to ourselves. Here’s the truth that no one wants to say and no one wants to hear: Becoming healthier, fitter and more toned requires dedication, patience, and a commitment to total lifestyle transformation.

Even with all of the overwhelming aspects of committing to a lifestyle change, the process is actually quite simple – become self aware, eat properly, and be physically active. Take things one step at a time. Become educated and seek professional advisement. Take the commitment seriously, but do not take setbacks too seriously, no one is perfect and all will falter at some point. Making lifestyle choices that positively affect our metabolism will ultimately lead to a higher quality of life.

Basal metabolism is dictated by seven significant factors: (1) Body composition; (2) stress; (3) weight; (4) height; (5) gender; (6) environmental temperature; and (7) daily caloric intake. Of these seven factors, we have the ability to influence or control everything except height and gender – this means that we have five different opportunities to make healthy lifestyle choices. There is no universal diet or weight loss solution, physically and metabolically, every body is different. Everyone has different lifestyles.

There are three key elements in every healthy lifestyle: (1) Body awareness; (2) conscious consumption; and (3) regular physical activity. Body Awareness Transforming one’s lifestyle is an intensely personalized endeavor, one requiring a much higher level of body awareness than the average person currently possesses. The essential first step in a healthy lifestyle makeover is becoming acutely aware of our bodies. Without an intimate understanding of how our actions affect our bodies, how can we correct those actions and avoid slowly growing softer and larger, thus lowering our quality of life?

Newton’s third law of motion: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. • One meal full of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates, 30 minutes later I feel bloated, sluggish, and cranky. • Today I consumed six small meals full of vegetables, protein and complex carbohydrates, now I have more energy and am in a better mood than I was when I ate that one meal of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates. • I only got six hours of sleep last night and today I just can’t concentrate and it is really frustrating. Last night I got eight hours of restful sleep, and today my productivity levels are noticeably higher and my mind is clear. • Yesterday I ate this or that and today my joint pain and muscle fatigue is overwhelming. • I refrained from eating this or that yesterday and today I do not have joint pain or muscle fatigue and I feel great. It is our responsibility to become educated, to become the world’s leading expert on our own bodies. We need to do more than listen to our bodies, we need to analyze our bodies, we need to use enhanced interrogation techniques on our bodies.

Keeping a journal indicating activities completed, food consumed and the body’s reactions is one good way to create a visual record which can later be used to create a healthy lifestyle plan. In order to fully understand our bodies’ numerous complex functions, it is essential to meet with a physician and/or naturopathic physician to determine and become educated about the existence of any medical conditions, significant toxicity levels, hormonal imbalances, glandular problems, sleep deprivation issues, or allergies.

Fatigue, headaches, depression, loss of sleep, joint pain, and chronic digestion problems are all key indicators of an imbalance within the human body. Any imbalance in the body’s physical processes can disproportionately affect metabolism. Metabolism is the body’s process of burning energy, and burning energy leads to burning fat. The importance of understanding this simple truth is obvious, but there is so much more to take into consideration. Medications Many common prescription medications list weight gain as a possible side effect.

It is important to evaluate any prescriptions that one may be taking and look for alternatives that have a lower chance of causing weight gain. According to experts, some of the most common medications that could cause weight gain include the medications for: birth control, depression, diabetes, heartburn, high blood pressure, psychosis, and seizures. Toxins Because of the current state of the environment and a modern emphasis on convenient and economical food sources, many of the foods that the average person consumes are low in nutrients and high in toxins.

This combination of low nutritional value and toxicity causes deficiencies in essential nutrients, such as essential fatty acids (EFAs,) one of the consequences being a state of perpetual hunger. Another consequence of a diet that lacks certain nutrients is a dysfunctional natural detoxification system, thus leading to the accumulation of chemicals. Difficulty concentrating, lethargy, tendency toward illness, bad breath, congestion, excessive body odor, digestive problems, allergies, and skin conditions are some indicators that a detoxification diet may be a helpful weight loss tool.

A detoxification diet is a diet that emphasizes foods that facilitate detoxification through mobilizing and eliminating toxins. Good food choices for detoxification include: • Fresh fruits and vegetables (preferably organic), including artichokes, beets, broccoli, broccoli sprouts, cauliflower, garlic and onions. • Whole grains including amaranth, buckwheat, brown rice, millet, and quinoa. • Legumes including adzuki beans, garbanzo beans, green peas, lentils, kidney beans and pinto beans. Unsalted nuts and seeds including almonds, cashews, flaxseed, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds and walnuts. • Extra virgin olive oil, herbs, spices, sea salt, soy sauce, vegetable salt and vinegar. • Beverages including green tea, herbal tea, lemon water, pure unsweetened vegetable and fruit juice, rice milk and water. Anyone considering a detoxification diet should consult a medical physician and/or a qualified health professional prior to commencing. Children and pregnant or nursing women should not go on a detoxification diet.

Additionally, individuals with health problems such as anemia, autoimmune disease, cancer, diabetes, an eating disorder, kidney disease, thyroid disease, terminal illness, some genetic diseases, and other chronic conditions should not go on a detoxification. Hormones There are a host of various hormones that may become imbalanced, causing weight gain. Thyroid, cortisol, estrogen, leptin, and insulin are just a few of the hormones that can drastically affect metabolism. • Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism. A deficiency of thyroid hormone –hypothyroidism – can decrease metabolism, which causes loss appetite and weight gain. Cortisol hormone mediates various metabolic processes. Excessive amounts of cortisol hormone within the body causes fat to accumulate in the face, abdomen and upper back. • Estrogen is a group of steroid compounds that function as the primary female sex hormone. Because the hormone estrogen causes the deposition of fat in the lower portion of the body, estrogen deficiency causes excess fat to be retained in the midsection. • Leptin is an appetite suppressing hormone, and a fickle one at that. Over time, the body may build up a resistance to leptin, thus decreasing leptin’s appetite suppressing capability. The hormone insulin causes blood sugar levels to decrease and sugar to be stored away. The consumption of refined carbohydrates may cause blood sugar levels to fluctuate rapidly. In order to stabilize the blood sugar imbalance the body craves more sugar creating a grueling cycle. Once again, it is imperative that we work with our primary health care providers to fully analyze the current state of our bodies. Sleep Deprivation As one defense mechanism to stress, the body begins to horde and store fat. Sleep deprivation causes physiological stress, which causes weight gain.

Many people have poor sleeping habits; sleeping fitfully or for inadequate amounts of time. Healthy sleeping habits, soothing bedtime rituals, and a solid eight hours of sleep per night are essential to having a healthy lifestyle. Tips for restful sleep include: • Removing all electronic devices and light sources from the sleeping area. If this is not possible, utilize a sleeping mask and even earplugs to drowned out light and sound. • Decluttering and simplifying the sleeping area, the room should include only the essential sleeping necessities. • Decorating the sleeping area in soothing colors such as blue and green. Incorporating a relaxation ritual, devoid of electronic interruption, at least 30 minutes prior to bedtime. Allergies Either a recent onslaught of food sensitivities has besieged our planet, or we are just becoming more aware. Food allergies, reactions, or sensitivities can also cause imbalances in the body’s digestive process, causing chronic bowel problems, discomfort, and weight gain. No matter the current health status or habits, there is good news – the human body is constantly rebuilding itself on the following schedule: • Red Blood Cell Replacement – Daily • Stomach Lining Replacement – Weekly Small Intestine Lining Replacement – Weekly • Colon Lining Replacement – Weekly • Skin Replacement – Monthly • Liver Replacement – Every Six Weeks • Skeleton Replacement – Every Seven Years • Proper nutrition, including vitamins and minerals, give the body the building blocks and fuel to begin a new, healthier lifestyle and body. Conscious Eating Going on a diet is a temporary fix, changing one’s diet is a lifelong commitment – it is not a quick fix, it is a lifestyle. Modifying one’s eating habits is extremely difficult, eating habits are deeply ingrained, almost primal urges.

Both nutritionists and psychologists are essential tools when determining the best dietary lifestyle. It is vitally important to be educated and informed about the origin and content of the food consumed in a healthy dietary lifestyle. One should know where his or her food was grown and what chemical processes it underwent – these factors can greatly effect the nutritional value of the food consumed. As I previously mentioned, many of the foods that the average person consumes are high in toxins and low in nutritional value, causing a state of perpetual hunger.

On the road to a healthy lifestyle, dining out and unhealthy friends or family are two major road hazards. Anyone looking to make a significant change in his or her dietary lifestyle should educate themselves, turn off the television, avoid unhealthy friends, and limit the dining out. It is much easier to absorb and understand what is consumed when in a controlled environment. Slim, healthy, toned – everyone craves a healthy body, but too many individuals crave convenience and instant gratification more.

Living in this Tweeting, Facebooking, instant messaging, cell phone addicted era of constant contact and instantaneous feedback, we expect immediate results. There are a multitude of “get thin quick” remedies out there, and consumers spend millions of dollars on those remedies, often with unsatisfactory or temporary results. Just like “get rich quick” schemes, “get thin quick” remedies are fool’s gold. If it sounds too good to be true, you can almost always bet that it is. What to Eat After completely evaluating our current body status and becoming acutely aware of our bodies, the next step is developing a healthy dietary lifestyle.

Using the data gathered through our body awareness evaluation, we will confer with a primary health care provider and nutritionist. Obtaining assistance from these professionals will eliminate any question one may have about appropriate foods for one’s unique body status. In addition to a healthy diet plan, depending on one’s specific body circumstances, supplements may be necessary. Some common elements that many individuals lack include: • Fiber, which slows digestion and absorption. This process allows glucose (sugar) to enter the bloodstream at a slower rate, which stabilizes blood sugar levels. Whole Grains, such as brown rice and unrefined flour, which promote satiation. • Whole grains also slow starch digestion and absorption, leading to lower insulin and glucose responses. • Essential fatty acids (EFAs), which play an extremely import role in fat burning. • While optimizing insulin sensitivity, EFAs facilitate the release and mobilization of fat (lipids), transport oxygen from red blood cells to tissue, and keep saturated fat mobile in the bloodstream. These characteristics of EFAs increase the body’s ability to burn fat rather than store it. Flaxseed oil contains both Omega 3’s and • Omega 6’s.

These are the two different structures of fatty acid chains which are essential to a lean, tone, healthy lifestyle. • Antioxidants , found in different forms such as acai berry capsules and pomegranate juice, which counteract the negative effects of toxins and radicals within the body. • Fat burning supplements, which when combined with proper diet and physical activity, fat burning offers one more element to improve fat loss. L-Carnitine, RAlpha Lipoic Acid, Calcium, Caffeine, Choline, Guarana, and Green Tea are just a few examples of workout supplements that help break down and metabolize fat in the body.

How And When to Eat Equally as important as what a body consumes is how and when that food is consumed. Like you’ve always heard, breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Here’s the reason why a healthy breakfast is essential: a person who generally consumes 2,500 calories per day, whether that individual starts eating at 5 a. m. or 10 a. m. , will usually consume the entire 2,500 calories throughout that day. Skipping breakfast will put a person behind the curve in terms of caloric consumption. In order to catch up on those remaining calories, one will either eat unhealthy food or eat in an unhealthy manner, i. . , binging. While working with a nutritionist or health care provider, it is important to determine caloric intake as well as specific food consumption. In order to get a general idea of an appropriate caloric intake, there are many caloric calculators available on the internet. According to exercise physiologists William McArdle and Frank Katch, the average caloric maintenance level for women in the United States is 2,000-2,100 calories per day and the average caloric maintenance level for men is 2,700-2,900 per day.

These numbers are averages and it is important to note that caloric expenditure can vary widely depending on activity levels. There are many different formulas available to determine appropriate caloric intake, these formulas take into account the factors: (1) Activity level; (2) age; (3) gender; (4) height; (5) lean body mass (LBM); and (6) weight. The most accurate formulas will include all of the preceding variables, including lean body mass (LBM), and will accurately determine energy expenditure or necessary caloric intake.

Eating a balanced breakfast of carbohydrates, protein, and healthy fat will get that metabolism kick started, which will help the body to maximize the fat burning process throughout the day. In addition to eating a healthy breakfast, the most effective way to burn fat is to consume several small meals throughout the day. That metabolism that was jump started by breakfast will be maintained by these small meals, once again maximizing muscle performance and burning fat. Small healthy meals will keep the body working at maximum capacity and keep appetite suppressed, hile three large meals will slow down metabolism causing sluggishness. Physical Activity The third element in the happy, healthy lifestyle is regular physical activity. In addition to the fat burning effectiveness of physical activity, exercise also causes the body to release endorphins. Endorphins are substances that are similar to hormone which are produced in the brain and function as natural painkillers within the body. When released, endorphins cause a state of euphoria, an extreme sense of well-being.

Someone that is new to physical activity or to a dedicated fitness regimen should consult with their primary health care provider prior to any amount of exertion. Depending upon one’s lifestyle and emotional needs, a regimented fitness routine may not be necessary, but one must have an accurate understanding of the amount of physical activity one completes throughout the week. Whichever type of physical activity or exercise one favors, it is always a good idea to add as much variation as possible to the fitness routine – do not let the routine become too routine.

Variation will keep the monotony from setting in and increase the physical benefits of exercise. Classic Fitness Routine An individual who needs or desires a structured fitness routine should start off slowly with a 30 minute walk daily, then gradually work into a routine that contains: resistance exercises, bodyweight movements, high repetition training, and cardiovascular training. The implementation of these four elements will positively affect cardiovascular health as well as body composition. If a person is looking to burn fat and already has a proven system of body building exercises, one will benefit from varying those exercises.

This variation will cement the muscular gain and amplify the fat burning impact of a carefully constructed fitness routine. Alternation between resistance exercises and bodyweight movements will increase both endurance and the fat burning experience through increased cardiovascular involvement. Resistance training, including lifting free weights, using resistance bands, or using weight machines, will build muscle. Bodyweight movements, such as abdominal crunches, push ups, pull-ups, and lunges, challenge the heart and increase metabolism.

High repetition training, focused on targeted areas, can drastically impact problem areas. Focusing on these areas alone is not enough and should be followed by thirty minute bursts of cardiovascular training. These cardiovascular bursts will prevent fat from redepositing in those problem areas. Yoga Yoga is an ancient practice that focuses on connecting the mind, body, and spirit through a series of body poses, controlled breathing, and meditation. The benefits of yoga are great and varied ranging from increased flexibility to enhanced spiritual well-being. There are different styles of yoga and many different poses.

One great aspect of yoga is the fact that the poses are easily made simpler for beginners. Within the body, yoga can decrease blood pressure, increase circulation, increase body oxygenation, decrease respiratory rate, increase cardiovascular endurance, improve gastrointestinal functions, increase immune system strength, increase pain tolerance, decrease toxicity, and balance metabolism. Externally, yoga improves posture, strength, energy levels, balance, body weight, sleep inducement, body awareness, and sexual enjoyment. Emotionally, the strong connection of body and mind is stimulated by yoga.

Practicing yoga improves mood, reduces stress, decreases anxiety, reduces depression, increases self acceptance, increases self control, reduces hostility, improves concentration, and induces calmness. Practicing yoga also effects body chemistry. Yoga practice can lower cholesterol, boost immune system functionality, lower blood glucose levels, lower triglyceride levels, increase red blood cell levels, increase Vitamin C, reduce sodium levels, and help to regulate and control hormone secretion. The exercise benefits of yoga are somewhat differing from other types of exercise.

When practicing yoga the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, the risk of injury is relatively low, muscle tone is improved, the subcortex region of the brain is stimulated, opposing muscle groups are worked in a balanced manner, joint range of motion is improved, hand-eye coordination and depth perception are improved, reaction time is improved, endurance is improved, and breathing is natural, controlled and efficient. Studies also show that consistent yoga practice can help prevent heart disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and type II diabetes.

Practicing yoga can also alleviate symptoms associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, asthma, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, cancer, muscular dystrophy, migraines, scoliosis, chronic bronchitis, epilepsy, sciatica, fibromyalgia, obsessive compulsive disorder, constipation, allergies, menopause, and back pain. In short, yoga is an overall excellent way to nurturer a healthier mind, spirit, and body. Team Sports & Outdoor Activities Sometimes we dread going to the gym and working out. For times like these, one good alternative is joining a city league or starting a friendly game.

Involvement in team sports such as volleyball, basketball, baseball, softball and hockey are fun and beneficial ways to get physical activity without the structured fitness routine mentality. Individual and team sports both offer advantages to increased personal health and wellbeing. Those of us who have chosen primarily a personal path to fitness may want to reconsider the enriching impact that involvement in team sports can have on our lives. The competitive nature of team sports can increase the level at which we are involved in physical activities.

Competition can drive us to levels we are incapable of reaching alone. Team sports are also beneficial because they can also improve socialization and team work skills. Other appropriate alternatives to structured workouts are outdoor activities such as rollerblading, hiking, biking, swimming, horseback riding, mowing the lawn, snow skiing, snowboarding, cross country skiing, snowshoeing, telemark skiing, geocaching, water skiing, rafting, snowmobiling, riding all terrain vehicles, hunting, and fishing. Getting outside and getting involved in outdoor physical activities has many benefits.

Outdoor recreation can reduce stress levels, increase self esteem, improve spirituality, increase social skills, and improve mood. Outdoor recreation can provide improved cardiovascular, aerobic, and muscular health, as well as increased immune system function. In conclusion, a lifestyle revolving around healthy choices can exponentially improve one’s quality of life. Immersing oneself in a total lifestyle transformation of this magnitude is intimidating and foreign, one must learn an entirely new language and embrace a alien culture.

Although it maybe frightening, taking control of one’s dietary lifestyle can be extremely fulfilling and liberating. There are many opportunities for self improvement and this sort of lifestyle change can open doors to a whole new world and whole new circle of friends. As mentioned before, becoming a happier, healthier, more fit individual is highly customized to each person’s unique body and lifestyle. There are many variables and there are many opportunities to make healthy choices. One size does not fit all and something that makes work wonders for one person quite possibly will not benefit another.

It is unequivocally important to invest time, and potentially, money into improving one’s quality of life. As time passes, the sacrifices will diminish and the benefits will be staggering. Along with the three key elements of body awareness, appropriate healthy diet, and physical activity, there are three keys choices which are essential to making happy, healthy lifestyle transformation viable: (1) Choose to be open-minded and embrace new activities, practices and food choices; (2) choose to be surrounded by supportive friends, family and health care professionals; and (3) choose to be forgiving of transgressions, ut resolve to be committed to this new and exciting lifestyle. With this new information, genuine determination, and desire anyone can effectively make an extreme improvement in his or her lifestyle. By gradually or drastically implementing a total lifestyle transformation, an individual can immediately begin living a higher quality of life with a greater overall sense of well-being and happiness.

Security Analysis

FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS Fundamental analysis is examination of the underlying forces that affect the well being of examination of the economy, industry groups, and companies. As with most analysis, the goal is to derive a forecast and profit from future price movements. INTERPRETATION Most fundamental information focuses on economic, industry, and company statistics. The typical approach to analyzing a company involves three basic steps: 1. Determine the condition of the general economy. 2.

Determine the condition of the industry. 3. Determine the condition of the company. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The economy is studied to determine if overall conditions are good for the stock market. Is inflation a concern? Are interest rates likely to rise or fall? Are consumers spending? Is the trade balance favorable? Is the money supply expanding or contracting? These are just some of the questions that the fundamental analyst would ask to determine if economic conditions are right for the stock market.

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS It is the study of industries which are on the upswing. The ideal investment is the investment in the growing industries. It is often said that a weak stock in a strong industry is preferable to a strong stock in a weak industry. In order to make productive investments the investor should know the industry classification used in the economy. It is also enviable to know the characteristics, problems and practices in different industries. COMAPNY ANALYSIS

After determining the economic and industry conditions, the company itself is analyzed to determine its financial health. This is usually done by studying the company’s financial statements. From these statements a number of useful ratios can be calculated. The ratios fall under five main categories: profitability, price, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency. While performing ratio analysis of a company, the ratios should be compared to other companies within the same or similar industry to get a feel for what is considered “normal. ” Phase Fundamental Analysis: – Phase |Nature of analysis |Purpose |Tools & Techniques | |First |Economic Analysis |To assess the general economic situation both |Economic indicators – lead, lag and | | | |within the country and internationally |coincidental indicators | | | | | | |Second |Industry Analysis |To review prevailing conditions within a |Performance indicators – aggregate demand | | | |specific industry and its segments |& supply position, internal & external | | | | |competition, government policies | |Third |Company Analysis |To analyze the financial & non-finance aspects |Non-financial aspects analysis like | | | |of a company to determine whether to buy, sell,|promoters, management, vital product | | | |or hold onto the shares of a company |quality, corporate image, etc. inancial | | | | |aspects like EPS, sales, profitability, | | | | |dividend record, asset growth | BENEFITS OF FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS Long-term trends: Fundamental analysis is good for long-term investments based on long-term trends. Value Spotting: Sound Fundamental Analysis will help identify companies that represent good value. It can help discover companies with valuable assets, a strong balance sheet, stable earnings and staying power. Business Expertise: Fundamental Analysis helps to develop a thorough understanding of the business.

The investor becomes familiar with the key revenue and profit drivers behind a company. Categorization: Stocks move as a group, by understanding a company’s business, investors can better position themselves to categorize stocks within their relevant industry groups. Knowing a company’s business and being able to place it in a group can make a huge difference in relative valuations. The stock market does not operate in a vacuum. Similarly no industry or company can exist in isolation. It is an integral part of the whole economy of a country, more so in a free economy like that of US and to some extent in a mixed economy like that of ours. The importance of Economic Analysis: To gain an insight into the complexities of the stock market, one needs to develop a sound economic understanding and be able to interpret the important economic indicators on stock markets. • The economy is like the tide and the various industry groups and individual companies are like boats. When the economy expands, most industry groups and companies benefit and grow. When the economy declines, most sectors and companies usually suffer. • Investment decisions depend on the state of the economy existing at that particular point of time. E. g. if the economy is expanding then, an aggressive growth-oriented strategy might be advisable. A growth strategy might involve the purchase of technology, biotech, semiconductor and cyclical stocks.

If the economy is forecast to contract, an investor may opt for a more conservative strategy and seek out stable income-oriented companies. The Economic Cycle: Countries go through the business or economic cycle and the stage of the cycle at which a country is in has a direct impact both on industry and individual companies. It affects investment decisions, employment, demand and the profitability of companies. While some industries such as shipping or consumer durable goods are greatly affected by the business cycle, others such as the food or health industry are not affected to the same extent. This is because in regard to certain products consumers can postpone their purchase decisions, whereas in certain others they cannot. Fig. Economic Cycle THE INVESTMENT DECISION Investors should attempt to determine the stage of the economic cycle the country is in. They should invest at the end of a depression when the economy begins to recover, and at the end of a recession. Investors should disinvest either just before or during the boom, or at the worst, just after the boom. Investment and disinvestments made at these times will earn the investor the greatest benefits. Key Economic Indicators: There are certain economic indicators, which may be studied to assess the national economy as a whole. Leading Indicators: These indicators predict what is likely to happen to the economy.

Perfect examples of leading indicators are the unemployment position, rainfall and agricultural production, fixed capital investment, corporate profits, money supply, credit position and index of equity share prices. Coincidental Indicators: These indicators highlight the current position. Some examples are Gross National Product, Index of Industrial Production, money market rates, interest rates and reserve funds with commercial banks. Lagging Indicators: These explain what has already taken place. Some examples are large-scale unemployment, piled up inventories, outstanding debt, interest rates of commercial loans, etc. Though useful, these indicators must be used with caution. These can only help in understanding economic trends and outlining your investment strategy intelligently. Political Equation

A stable political environment is necessary for steady, balanced growth. A stable government is able to take decisions regarding long-term development of the country, which leads to prosperity of industries and companies. On the other hand, instability causes insecurity. India has been going through a fairly difficult period. There had been terrible political instability since the late eighties. Various elections with no majority power to any one party, religious and ethnic issues, the Pakistan issue etc. lead to instability in the Government. Industrial Production: An upswing in industrial production is good for the economy and a downswing rings an alarm.

The decline in agricultural growth and the steep hike in petroleum prices would affect industrial growth. Inflation: Inflation has an enormous effect on the economy. Within the country it erodes purchasing power considerably. As a result, demand falls. A low rate of inflation indicates stability and healthy economic conditions and industries prosper at such times. The USA and Europe have fairly low inflation rates. Interest Rates: A low rate of interest rate is must for economic development. It stimulates investment and industry. On the contrary, high interest rates result in high cost of production, low consumption and decrease in company’s competitiveness. Infrastructure: The development of an economy is dependent on its infrastructure.

Public infrastructure services like banking, telecom, coal and power etc play a crucial role in deciding the fate of an economy. Investments into these sectors have accounted for a major share of public spending for most of the last fifty years. A key constraint facing the Indian economy is the country’s seriously inadequate infrastructure. Uncertainties over the policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks in key infrastructure sectors continue to act as a constraint to increasing private sector involvement. Rainfall and Agricultural Production: Foreign Exchange Reserves: A country needs foreign exchange reserves to meet its commitments, pay for its imports and service foreign debts.

Without foreign exchange, a country would not be able to import materials or goods for its development and there is also a loss of international confidence in such a country. Budgetary Deficit: A budgetary deficit occurs when governmental expenditure exceeds its income. Expenditure stimulates the economy by creating jobs and stimulating demand. However, this can also lead to deficit financing and inflation. All developing economies including India suffer from budget deficits. The performance of India’s economy in recent years has been overwhelmingly encouraging, but that doesn’t reduce the magnitude of the problem posed by its fiscal deficits. Domestic Savings and Capital Output Ratio: Employment High employment is required to achieve a good growth in national income.

As the population growth is faster than the economic growth unemployment is increasing. This is not good for the economy. Taxation EXIM Policy International Developments US Factor INDUSTRY ANALYSIS The second phase of fundamental analysis consists of a detailed analysis of a specific industry; its characteristics, past record, present state and future prospects. The purpose of industry analysis is to identify those industries with a potential for future growth, and to invest in equity shares of companies selected from such industries. Industry analysis has become very important after the opening of the economy, new entrants and intense competition.

To assess an industry groups’ potential, an investor should consider the overall growth rate, market size, and importance to the economy. While the individual company is still important, its industry group is likely to exert just as much, or more, influence on the stock price. When stocks move, they usually move as groups; there are very few lone guns out there. Many times it is more important to be in the right industry than in the right stock! Every industry, and company with in a particular industry, undergoes a life cycle with four distinct phases as shown in the diagram below: Figure: Industry Life cycle 1. Entrepreneurial or nascent stage 2. Expansion or growth stage 3. Stagnation stage 4. Decay or sunset stage Entrepreneurial Stage:

This is the first stage of the industrial life cycle of a new industry where the technology as well as the product are relatively new and have not reached a stage of perfection. The pioneering stage is characterized by rapid growth in demand for the output of the industry. As a result there is great opportunity for profit. As a large number of companies attempt to capture their share of the market, there arises a high business mortality rate. Weak firma are eliminated and a lesser number of firms survive the pioneering stage. It is difficult for the analyst to identify those companies that are in the likely to survive and come out strong later on.

Therefore, investment in a company in an industry which is in the pioneering stage is highly risky. Industries in the entrepreneurial stage are also called as sunrise or nascent industries. Telecommunications, computer software, information technology are the examples of the sunrise industries in India. Expansion or Growth Stage: The second stage of expansion includes only those companies that have survived the pioneering stage. These companies continue to become stronger. Each company finds a market for itself and develops its own strategies to sell and maintain its position in the market. The competition among the surviving companies brings about improved products at lower prices.

Companies in the expansion stage of an industry are quite attractive for investment purposes. Investors can get high returns at lower risk because demand exceeds supply in this stage. Companies will earn increasing amounts of profits and pay attractive dividends. Stagnation Stage: This is the third stage in the industry life cycle. In this stage, the growth of the industry stabilizes. The ability of the industry to grow appears to be lost. Sales may be increasing but at a lower rate than that experienced by the competitive industries or the overall economy. The industry begins to stagnate. The transition of the industry from expansion to stagnation stage is often very slow.

Two important reasons for this transition are change in social habits and development of new technology. Sometimes an industry may stagnate only for a short period. By the introduction of a technological innovation or a new product, it may resume a process of growth, thereby starting a new cycle. Therefore an investor or analyst has to monitor the industry developments constantly and with diligence. Decay Stage: From the stagnation stage the industry passes to the decay stage. This occurs when the products of the industry are no longer in demand. New products and technologies have come to the market. Customers have changed their habits style and liking. As a result the industry becomes obsolete and gradually ceases to exist.

Thus, changes in social habits, technology and declining demand are the causes of decay of any industry. An investor should get out of the industry before the decay stage.. The profits associated with the different stages in the life of an industry can be illustrated in the form of an inverted ‘S’ curve as shown in the figure. It is not always easy to detect which stage of development an industry is in at any point in time. The transition form one stage to the next is slow and unclear. It can be detected only by careful analysis. Further, the classification of industries under this approach is the general pattern. There can be exceptions to the general pattern.

The life of industry may, for instance, be extended after the stagnation and decay stage through appropriate adaptation to changes in the environment. Careful analysis is needed to detect such exceptions. INDUSTRY CHARECTERISTICS: In an industry analysis, there are a number of key characteristics that are to be considered by the analyst. These features broadly relate to the operational and structural aspects of the industry. They have a bearing on the prospects of the industry. Some of these are discussed below: Demand Supply Gap: The demand for a product usually tends to change at a steady rate, whereas the capacity to produce the product tends to change at irregular intervals, depending on the installation of additional production capacity.

As a result an industry is likely to experience under-supply and over-supply of capacity at different times. Excess supply educes the profitability of the industry through a decrease in the unit price realization. On the contrary, insufficient supply tends to improve the profitability through higher unit price realization. Therefore, the gap between the demand and supply in an industry is a fairly good indicator of its short term or medium-term prospects. As part of industry analysis, an investor should estimate the demand supply gap in the industry. Competitive Conditions in the Industry: Another significant factor to be considered in industry analysis is the competitive conditions in the industry.

The level of competition among various companies in an industry is determined by certain competitive forces. These competitive prices are: barriers to entry, threat of substitution, bargaining power of the buyers, bargaining power of the suppliers and the rivalry among competitors. New entrants to an industry increase the capacity in the industry. But these new entrants may face certain barriers to their entry. The barriers to their entry may arise because of product differentiation, absolute cost advantage or economy of scale. Product differentiation refers to the preference the buyers have to the products of the already established players.

Their products enjoy a premium in the market. Absolute cost advantage refers to the ability of established firms to produce their products at a lower cost than any new entrant. Economy of scale refers to a situation in which it is necessary to attain a fairly high level of production in order to obtain economically feasible levels of cost. In some industries it may not be economical to set up small capacities. An industry that is well protected from the inroads of new firms would be ideal for investment. Permanence: In this age of rapid technological change, the degree of permanence of an industry is an important consideration in industry analysis.

Permanence is a phenomenon related to the products and technology used by the industry. If an analyst feels that the need for a particular industry will vanish in a short period, it would be foolish to invest in such an industry. Labor Conditions: The state of labor conditions in the industry under analysis is an important consideration in an economy such as ours where the unions are very powerful. If the labor in a particular industry is rebellious and is inclined to strikes frequently, the prospects of that industry cannot become bright. Attitude of Government: The attitude of the government towards an industry has a significant impact on its prospects.

The government may encourage the growth of certain industries and can assist such industries through favorable legislations. On the contrary, the government will look with disfavor on certain other industries. In India, this has been the experience of alcoholic drinks and cigarette industries. The government may place different kinds of legal restrictions on its development. A prospective investor must therefore consider the role the government is likely to play. Supply of Raw Materials: The availability of raw materials is an important factor determining the profitability of an industry. Some industries may have no difficulty in obtaining the raw materials while the others have to depend on limited resources.

Industry analysis must take into consideration the availability of raw materials and its impact on the industry prospects. COMPANYANALYSIS: Company analysis is the final stage of fundamental analysis. The economy analysis provides the investor a broad outline of the prospects of growth in the economy. The industry analysis helps the investor to select the industry in which investment would be rewarding. Now he has to decide in which company he has to invest. Company analysis provides the answer to this question. In company analysis the investor tries to predict the future earnings of the company because there is strong evidence that the earnings have a strong effect on the share prices.

The level, trend and safety of earnings of a company, however depend upon a number of factors concerning the operations of the company. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The prosperity of a company will depend upon its profitability and financial health. The financial statement published by a company periodically helps us to access the profitability and financial health of the company. The two basic financial statements provided by the companies are the balance sheet and the P&L A/C. The first gives us a picture of the company’s assets and liabilities while the second gives us a picture of its earnings. The balance sheet gives us the list of assets and liabilities of a company on a specific date. The major categories of assets are fixed and current.

The P&L A/C, also called as the income statement, reveals the revenue earned, the cost incurred and the resulting profit or loss of the company for one accounting year. The profit after tax (PAT) divided by the number of shares gives the Earnings per Share (EPS), which is a figure which most investors are interested. The P&L A/C summarizes the activities of a company during an accounting year. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The financial statement of a company can be used to evaluate the financial position f the company. Financial ratios are most extensively used for this purpose. Ratio analysis helps an investor to determine the strengths and weakness of the company.

It also helps him to analyze whether the financial performance and financial strengths are improving or deteriorating. Ratios can be used for comparative analysis either with other firms in the industry through a cross sectional analysis or with past data through a time series analysis. Different ratios measure different aspects of a company’s performance or health. Four groups of ratios may be used for analyzing the performance of a company. Liquidity Ratios: These measure the company’s ability to fulfill its short-term obligations and reflect its short-term financial strength or liquidity. The commonly used ratios are Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities.

Quick Ratio = Current Assets- Inventory – Prepaid Expenses Current Liabilities A higher current ratio would enable a company to meet its short-term obligations even if the value of current assets decline. The quick ratio represents the ratio between quick assets and current liabilities. It is a more rigorous measure of liquidity. However, both these ratios are to be used together to analyze the liquidity of the company. Leverage Ratios: These ratios are also known as capital structure ratios. They measure the ability of the company to meet its long-term debt obligations. They throw light on the long-term solvency of a company. The commonly used leverage ratios are: Long-term Debt Debt-Equity Ratio = Shareholder’s Equity Debt to Total = Total Debt Asset Ratio Total Assets

Proprietary Ratio = Shareholders Equity Total Assets Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT Interest The first three ratios indicate the relative contribution of owners and creditors in financing the assets of the company. These ratios reflect the safety margin available to the long-term creditors. The coverage ratios measures the ability if the company to meet its interest payments arising from the debt. Profitability Ratios: The profitability of a company can be the profitability ratios. These ratios are calculated be relating the profits either to sales, or to investment, or t the equity shares. Thus we have three groups of profitability ratios.

These are listed below. A. Profitability related to Sales Gross Profit Ratio = Gross Profit (Sales – Cost of Goods Sold) Sales Operating Profit Ratio = EBIT / Sales Net Profit Ratio = EAT Sales Administrative Expenses Ratio = Administrative Expenses Sales Selling Expenses Ratio = Selling Expenses Sales Operating Expenses Ratio = Administrative Expenses + Selling Expenses Sales

Operating Ratio = COGS + Operating Expenses Sales B. Profitability related to Investment. Return on Assets = EAT Total Assets Return on Capital Employed = EBIT Total Capital Employed Return on Equity = EAT Shareholders Equity C. Profitability related to Equity Shares. Earnings Per Share = Net Profit available to Eq. Sh. Holders Number of Equity Shares

Earnings Yield = EPS Market Price per Share Dividend Yield = DPS (Dividend per Share) Market Price per Share Dividend Payout Ratio = DPS EPS Price Earning Ratio (P/E Ratio) = Market Price per Share EPS D. Overall Profitability (Earning Power) Return on Investment (ROI) = EAT Total Assets The overall profitability is measured by the ROI, which is the product of the net profit ratio and the investment turnover.

It is a central measure of the earning power or operating efficiency of a company. Activity or Efficiency Ratios: These are also known as turnover ratios. These ratios measure the efficiency in asset management. They express the relation between the sales and the different types of assets, showing the speed with which these assets generate sales. Important activity ratios are enumerated below. Current Asset Turnover = Sales / Current Assets Fixed Assets Turnover = Sales / Fixed Assets Total Assets Turnover = Sales / Total Assets ———————– [pic] BOOM RECOVERY RECESSION DEPRESSION INVEST DISINVEST 4 3 2 1 Profits Years

Unfair Treatment

Running Head: UNFAIR TREATMENT Is There Unfair Treatment for Women in Prison? LaSonja Johnson Kaplan University CM223: Effective Writing II for Criminal Justice Majors Professor Vineski September 1, 2009 Women are thought to be gentler sex and the softer side of our humanity. But some women do commit crimes, and when they do, we want to know why. What drove them to commit those crimes? Was it an abusive husband? Was it drugs? Was it envy… fear… lust? With all questions still unanswered more and women are being imprisoned for more issues.

The “typical” female inmate is minority, aged 25 to 29, unmarried but has one to children, a likely victim of sexual abuse as a child, a victim of physical abuse, has a current alcohol and drug problem, has multiple arrests, first arrested around 15, a high school dropout, on welfare, has low skills, and has held mainly low-wage jobs. Women in prison face gender issues within our criminal justice system everyday. Dealing with legal aspect of there lives, for some, is non-existence. In most states there is no legal aid program.

Given that there are very few experienced and accomplished jailhouse lawyers, it is difficult for a women prisoner to pursue legal remedies in their own cases or in relation to legal issues that arise in the course of imprisonment. Access to the legal community outside is further hampered by the restrictions on phone calls. All calls are restricted to a pre-approved phone list. And for legal visits they have to be pre-arranged and any documents the lawyer has can only be brought in with prior clearance. The incarceration of women leaves a whole in the family because child care and the custody of the child need to be handled.

Women are usually the ones primarily responsible for their children. There are not any facilities to aid or support women in their legal struggles to maintain the integrity of their family structure or to ensure their children’s rights to a safe, healthy environment. Even for those whose children are fortunate enough to live with a family member, trying to obtain aid to families with dependent children is difficult from inside. If other issues arise, such as abuse, getting legal aid is virtually impossible. Besides a lack of legal aid, there is no financial aid available for children to travel to visit their mothers.

Most women never see their children. Women inmates depend on guards for the minimal comforts of prison life and, in some cases, their very survival. Guards provide food and safety, help insure the women inmates receive proper medical attention and guarantee timely visits and packages from relatives. Guards have unlimited access to women inmates and their living environment, including where they sleep and where they bath. With such an imbalance to of power, the likelihood of sexual abuse increases. Sexual abuse in prison can range from forcible rape to the trading sex for certain privileges.

In the United States, sexual abuse by guards in women’s prisons is so notorious and widespread that it has been described as “an institutionalized component of punishment behind prison walls. ” Women in prisons across the United States are subjected to diverse and systematic forms of sexual abuse: vaginal and anal rape; forced oral sex and forced digital penetration; quid pro quo coercion of sex for drugs, favors, or protection; abusive pat searches and strip searches; observation by male guards while naked or toileting; groping; verbal harassment; and sexual threats.

Women who survives a sexual assault and then have to navigate the health care system to receive adequate counseling and reproductive medical attention is daunting enough for those who walk freely on the outside, for women in prison, the hurdles can seem insurmountable. Unfortunately, sexual assault is a fact of like for many incarcerated women. Guards and prisoners openly joke about prisoner “girlfriends” and guard “boyfriends. ” Women prisoners become pregnant when the only men they have had contact with are guards and prison employees; often they are sent to olitary confinement—known as “the hole”—as punishment for having sexual contact with guards or for getting pregnant. 4 Such open and obvious abuses would seem relatively easy for a prison administration to detect and prevent if it chose to do so. According to Joanne Belknap, the study of women in the “crime processing” system is the study of the invisible woman. Belknap uses the term “crime processing” system rather than “criminal justice” system because she feels that there is nothing just or fair about the way women are treated in prison.

When imprisoned, women tend to become depressed or to seek solace in a personal relationship with another prisoner. Women prisoners face different circumstances during their incarceration and, thus, have different priorities and ways of challenging their conditions than their male counterparts. Mainstream ideas about prisoners are gendered masculine: the term “prisoner” usually calls forth an image of a young, black man convicted of a violent crime such as rape or murder.

Politicians seeking votes, as well as media seeking specific audiences play on this representation, whipping the public into hysteria to get tougher on crime and build more prisons. The stereotype of the male felon makes invisible the growing number of women imprisoned under the various mandatory sentencing laws passed within the past few decades. Because women do not fit the media stereotype, the public does not see them and are not then aware of the disturbing paradoxes of prisoners as mothers, as women with reproductive rights and abilities, and as women in general.

Women constitute the fastest growing segment of the United States’ prison population, but the disparity in sentencing is contributing factor. The disparity in sentencing has had a profound effect on the population as a whole. Women have been wrenched from their homes and children for 5, 10, or 15, years for mere possession. Women who refuse to “cooperate” or snitch receive very long sentences, because they are related to a man who is the main tie. Women prisoners are viewed as incapable of being good mothers and thus not automatically deserving of the same respect and treatment accorded to mothers on the outside.

While this may be the case in some instances, such a sweeping generalization ignores the fact that many inmate mothers were single heads of households, the sole provider for their children and may have been forced to rely on illegal means to support and protect their family. Prison and social service authorities rely on the notion that inmate mothers are somehow unfit and unworthy to legitimize over-reaching policies regarding the children of imprisoned parents. Women prisoners are even more overlooked by mainstream society than their male counterparts.

They have not passively accepted their conditions. Women inmates have both individually and collectively struggled to improve their health care, abolish sexual abuse, maintain contact with their children and further their education. These actions are often ignored or dismissed by those studying the prison-industrial complex, prisoner rights activists and outside feminists, making documentation and research all the more important in giving women inmates a voice in the discourse.

Women in prison are fighting to maintain a sense of self within a system that isolates and degrades; one which attempts to teach submission to authority through the constant exercising of power, in both serious and petty ways, over prisoners. What is generated is not obedience but anger, and since a prisoner risks punishment such as being sent to segregation if she directs her anger at the system that’s hurting her, that anger often gets directed inward or at other prisoners. From the beginning, prisons in the United States were designed for men, with little consideration for women and their specific needs.

Although the numbers of women in U. S. prisons continue to grow, programs and polices responsive to the needs of women prisoner has not kept pace. This lack of policy and research attention only continues the tradition of neglect and inattention that characterize the history of prisons for women. References Austin, J. , & Irwin, J. (2001) “It’s about time: America’s imprisonment binge. ” 3rd Edition, edited by Thomas Blomberg and Stanley Cohen. Aldine de Gruyter. Banks, C. Women in Prison: A reference handbook Belknap, J. (2001), The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice, 2nd ed. , Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, Belknap, J. 2007), The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice, 3rd ed. , Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, Muraskin, R. (2005) Key Correctional Issues. Pearson Prentice Hall Pollock, J. M. (2002) Women, Prison, and Crime Zaitzow, B. H. and Thomas, J. (2003) Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control UNIT 9 PROJECT RUBRIC: The Final Draft (130 Total Points) | |CONTENT |ORGANIZATION |WRITING STYLE |MECHANICS | |A |Includes a strong thesis statement, |Should be very well-ordered. Appropriate to the assignment, |Project is free of serious | |130-117pts |introduction and conclusion. Shows |Internally, each section must |fresh (interesting to read), |errors; grammar, punctuation, and| | |original thought. Supports arguments |have a strong internal |accurate (no far-fetched, |spelling help to clarify the | | |well (no logical flaws; outside sources |organization.

Transitions found |unsupported comments), precise |meaning by following accepted | | |used to support arguments). Develops |between and within sections must |(say what you mean), and concise |conventions. Sources are cited; | | |main points clearly. Skillfully refutes |be clear and effective. |(not wordy). |an attempt at APA citation was | | |counter-arguments and does not ignore | | |made. | |data contradicting its claim. Refers to | | | | | |at least five outside sources in the text| | | | | |and references page, two of which are | | | | | |academic sources.

Meets page | | | | | |requirements. | | | | |B |Includes a good thesis statement, |Should be well-ordered. |Should generally be appropriate |Contains some generally minor | |116. 99-104 pts |introduction and conclusion that need |Internally, each section must |to the assignment, accurate (no |grammatical and punctuation | | |some revision.

Shows original thought. |have a good internal |far-fetched, unsupported |errors. Few misspellings. | | |Supports most arguments concretely |organization. Transitions found |comments), precise (say what you |Sources are cited; an attempt at | | |(outside sources supporting most claims). |between and within sections are |mean), and concise (not wordy). |APA citation was made. | | |Develops the main points clearly. |mostly clear and effective. | | | |Refutes counter-arguments and does not | | | | | |ignore data contradicting its claim, | | | | | |though the refutation may need tightening| | | | | |and additional support.

Refers to a | | | | | |minimum of five outside sources both | | | | | |in-text and in the references page, two | | | | | |of which are academic sources.

Less than | | | | | |a page short of the requirement. | | | | |C |Includes a thesis statement that needs |The organization has a few |Appropriate in places, but |Numerous grammatical and | |103. 99 – 91 pts|revision. The introduction and |problems.

Sections lack |elsewhere language is vague |punctuation errors. Misspellings| | |conclusion do not set up or close the |transitions, and several |and/or inappropriate. |are more frequent, but they are | | |paper very effectively. Shows too little|sentences may be monotonous or | |the sort spell checkers do not | | |original thought. Main points are |confusing. The overall structure| |catch, such as “effect/affect. | | |adequately defined in only some areas of |of the assignment is not | |Sources are cited. | | |the paper; points may be over emphasized |effective. | | | | |or repeated. Some arguments are supported| | | | | |with outside research, but others may not| | | | | |be.

Relies too heavily on personal | | | | | |experience or one or two sources. Some | | | | | |obvious counter-arguments are ignored or | | | | | |not well-refuted.

The paper is largely | | | | | |informative with little persuasive claim. | | | | | |Contains references to 3-4 outside | | | | | |sources, only one of which is academic. | | | | |One to two pages short of the | | | | | |requirement. | | | | |D |The thesis statement identifies a topic |The organization has multiple |Inappropriate and vague writing |Many serious and minor grammar or| |78 – 90. 99 pts |but no claim and needs major revision. problems. Most sections lack |interferes with the development |punctuation errors; frequent | | |The introduction or conclusion is poorly |transitions, and sentences are |and clarity of the main points. |misspellings, including those | | |developed. The essay’s main points are |often monotonous or | |that should have been caught by | | |developed inconsistently, or |incomprehensible. The overall | |the spell-checker. All sources | | |repetitiously.

Many obvious |structure of the assignment is | |are not cited. | | |counter-arguments are ignored and go |not effective. | | | | |un-refuted. Relies too heavily on | | | | | |personal experience. The paper does not | | | | | |meet many of the source requirements. | | | | |There are too few in-text citations or | | | | | |one or two sources are relied on | | | | | |exclusively; the references page may be | | | | | |missing.

The paper is largely | | | | | |informative with little persuasive claim. | | | | | |Three or more pages short of the | | | | | |requirement. | | | |F |It meets no or few of the assignment’s guidelines. | |0-77. 99 pts |The components outlined for a ‘D’ paper are not met. | | |It may be plagiarized. |

Group Work in a Youth and Community Setting

This essay will analyse the group process of group 1. This group was set up as a task group, to design a poster to advertise the set up of a new group. The group were given 15 minutes to design the poster. When the group first entered the room and read the task, the group started to focus on what needed to be done, the group progressed well however when the task started to get more involved, it was clear that some voices were being heard, and some being ignored.

It would have been necessary at this point to introduce ground rules. However on reflection and given the direction that the group took it would have been a more productive step to introduce some basic ground rules as ‘’ groups run better when there is enough order and structure to protect and enhance the process’’ (Cloud H, Townsend S,J, 2003:137) it also provides a starting point for conversation to be developed, and the facilitator may be able to gage the needs of the group through developing discussion. K Sapin 2008) When devising ground rules, the group should be involved. Ground rules can set the basis of how the group should act, and they also provide a core central value base to be observed (Shuman S 2005) it provides a platform of what is acceptable and what is not. So to involve the group gives a sense of ownership, and we know that this is vital for a group to engage and develop. Some basic ground rules can consist of Only one person at time talking Encourage full participation

Keep discussion on topic, and focused Listen Respect Full attention required, at all times. Have fun Through introducing ground rules at this point, it would have set a standard of behaviour which is necessary for the group to progress and achieve the task. The goal would have been to get the group to commit to using them, and to get the members to set new expectations of how to interact with each other, this enables the group to share responsibility for improving its process. ’ (Shuman S 2005:26) Through introducing ground rules at this stage I would have liked to have seen more consideration for others, certain members of the group were being ignored, there were also several conversations going on at the same time, the ground rules could have addressed both these issues, and could have been referred back to right the way through the duration of the group. 1)’’ Observe behaviour 2) Infer meaning- why is it happening. ) Decide whether, how and why to intervene 4) Describe behaviour, and test for different views 5) Share your inference (conclusion) and test for different views 6) Help the group decide whether to change its behaviour’’ (Shuman 2005:28) Deciding how and when to intervene I would have looked at the six bullet points above set out by Shuman , and from that developed a strategy involving the group, however acting with a low level inference.

The way in which the facilitator thinks during the group process affects the group and through staying neutral it allows the facilitator to stay impartial, it is labelled as a low level risk because the facilitator is careful when inferring, as opposed to the high level risk where the facilitator jumps to conclusion without a thorough diagnosis of the situation. How the facilitator sees the group, and the dymamics inside the group effects how they act, the aim of facilitation is to operate within the low level inference. Schuman 2005) To conclude, within this situation where members of the group are not listening to each other, where several conversations are going on at a time, it would be important to locate why the group is acting like this, finding the root problem could be beneficial as it may help prevent further disruption. Through observing the behaviour and inferring meaning, it is clear that because no plan of action was developed, the group are unsure of what the task is, and how they are going to achieve it.

As a facilitator this is a low level inference, a high level inference at this stage would be to conclude that the group were rude, with no consideration for others. How we decipher a situation reflects how we act within a group, the high level inference could potentially put the future of the group at risk. By inferring impartially and accurately, it affects the way in which we publicly announce our concern to the group,( Shuman 2005) so intervening to raise discussion on whether they think the way they are acting is productive, is a good start.

Using ground rules that the group decided shifts the responsibility of the effectiveness of the work over to the group. This empowers the group, as hopefully it would raise concern that it all depends on them to achieve the task. This is also an opportunity to include new ground rules that can be developed by the group. The second point of call would be to ask the group if they are sure they all understand what the task is and how they are going to do it.

Then if the group were unsure, either the facilitator or another group member could explain to the members of the group who are unsure exactly what the task is, and what we are going to do to achieve it. When the group have a comprehensive understanding of the task, and of how they are going to achieve it as a group, I would expect that the group members would be reminded of the ground rules and take responsibility for putting them into practice. When faced with participants who are not engaging in the task and not listening.

You can challenge the behaviour, taking into consideration that some reasons for not engaging in the task could be as simple as, for example the task has no appeal, or it could be to do with the group themselves. ‘’Numerous cues signal a groups failure to thrive. These include: Group members verbal and non verbal expressions of boredom A sense of lethargy in the groups communication or activity Primarily content related discussion that is devoid of emotional material. ’’ (Brandler S & Roman P,C, 1999:69. We know that within groups it is hard for every member to be an equal, especially in this group where roles have already been developed, certain members will carry more influence than others, but trying to re assign these roles for equal participation could potentially cause problems. In this group there is one individual who usually has a lot of influence and is always participating. Watching the video it is clear that his usual role is being taken over by other members of the group.

The responses from Jeff towards the task were negative; this may have been because he was lost i. e. his normal place in the group was being taken over by other members. His usual power within the group was not as prominent and because of this it may have affected his willingness to accept the task, the facilitator recognising this could have done several things, by directing questions towards the withdrawing participant it directs focus back on to him, through doing this it may have nudged him back into the group discussion.

At the same time as doing this the facilitator would have to be careful not to single anyone out, or to make the rest of the group withdraw. Although there is nothing wrong with other people taking the lead and roles changing, when these roles do change, the facilitator to protect the interests of the group could support the withdrawing individual through acting impartially and offering gentle support. There is always a possibility of changing the task if the group consensus was that it wasn’t of any interest, unsuitable etc.

How ever as a facilitator and a participating member of this group, the task itself was not the problem, the group dynamics could have been affected by the environment, including time of day, and I have no doubt that because the group knew each other and the roles that each person had, that other people were challenging this individual for competitive reasons, i,e because this person is very vocal, and consider him to be a nuisance.

As a facilitator observing this through behaviour, and inferring meaning, the intervention would be made to protect the future of the group, but also their effectiveness to work together, but also to stop any members of the group from deciding to revolt against the task, because there are risks that the rest of the group will withdraw as well. By intervening with this issue you would hope that by re engaging the group members back into the task it would empower the participant to play an active role within the group, thus providing active refreshment to the rest of the group.

Facilitation is always about creating a fair and constructive learning environment even if that means sharing our power as facilitators with the group members, and so when making an intervention it should be in the best interest of the group, taking into consideration the ‘’diagnosis intervention cycle’’ (Shuman 2005) which demonstrates the importance of assessing a situation comprehensively, through diagnosing the situation accurately there is less risk of operating with a high level risk.

When an intervention has to be made the ground rules can be used as the basis to create discussion. However more importantly the effects the ground rules and the process the participants would go through making them carries huge benefit, it encourages the group to take the lead. The background the group has coming into this session has affected the effectiveness of the group, as a participant analysing where and why how I would have intervened, I ask myself the question why I did not intervene during the task.

The answer is because I have no or limited influence within the group, this demonstrates the importance of power, and whether it can be shared out equally. This has also made me think about the difficulties of being an equal when the power is dominated by other members of the group. ‘’Facilitation is creating a space within which people can empower them selves’’ (Hunter D, et al 1996:101) Word count – 2308 References Cloud H, Townsend S,J, 2003: Making small groups work: what every small group leader needs to know.

Orange California published by Yates & Yates. Shuman S 2005, I. A. F. handbook of group facilitation:best practices from the leading organization in facilitation. San Francisco California: Jossey-Bass K sapin 2008 essential skills for youth work practice London sage Hunter D, et al 1996, The facilitation of groups Hampshire Gower publishing limited,) Harrison R & Wise C 2005 Working with Young People, London sage

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