Looking At The Methodology And Approach English Literature Essay

The thesis will be a descriptive and library research, and the information will be provided through libraries and cyberspace and impressions related to Ecriture Feminine are chiefly defined in footings of Kristevan Semanalysis. Julia Kristeva ‘s varied publications include three distinguishable yet intertwined Fieldss of survey: linguistics, depth psychology, and literary unfavorable judgment, all the three being the facets through which Marlowe ‘s dramatic organic structure of text is to be studied and interpreted. The theoretic background of Kristeva has been intentionally selected as the agencies to analyze Christopher Marlowe ‘s dramatic texture and its basically feminine tapestry which is taken as an illustration of Early Modern English Ecriture Feminine.

Kristeva ‘s New Semiotics ( Intertextuality or Transposition ) attempts to happen the indispensable relation between literacy, philosophical, and political idea doing it possible to analyze characters who enjoy both ‘strangeness ‘ and a centrality, overthrowing “ the authorization of the monologic scientific discipline, of descent ” ( qtd. in Allen 31 ) . Utterances are assumed to be “ plural [ and ] replete with historical significance ” ( 32 ) . As she says:

Developed from and in relation to these modern texts the new semiotic theoretical accounts so turn to the societal text, to those societal patterns of which ‘literature ‘ is merely one unvalorized discrepancy, in order to gestate of them as so many on-going transmutations and/or productions. ( qtd. in Allen 34 )

A new text is the fruition of societal, ideological, and cultural discourses and Kristevan semiologies surveies “ text, textuality, and their relation to their ideological constructions, ” the infinite where the significances of words are invariably being challenged ; hence the “ ‘otherness ‘ within the text itself ” ( Kristeva qtd in Allen 36 ) .

In her psychoanalytic presentation of the two phases of normative development, Semiotic ( based upon Freudian Primary Stage ) , and Symbolic ( centering on Lacanian definition of the phase ) Kristeva shifts her attending from the sphere of the linguistic and lawful latter to the pre-lingual and low kingdom of the former one and the procedure of issue from Chora. Subject and subjectiveness are understood as a span in Kristevan Semiotics in relation to feminine psychoanalytic analysis of the topic.

Kristevan topographic point of capable alterations “ from the socio-symbolic contract to the organic structure, from the populace sphere to the confidant sphere ” stressing the heterogeneousness of subjectiveness based on negative “ breakability and exposure ” which “ resist [ s ] entry under any symbolic authorization on the brink of prostration at any minute ( Sjoholm 1-2 ) . She finds the discourses of the marginalized, including unconscious which shelters the exiled against jurisprudence, stableness and arrested development, closely interrelated with the political. The political facet of rebellion so, is in close distance with the asocial, multiple, and maternal of “ intimate infinites ” ( I ) .

Kristeva defines ‘subject ‘ and ‘subjectivity ‘ in footings of the place of the topic, the writer, the character, and the lingual pronoun ( I, we, etc. ) as the medium of mention ( Allen 40 ) . What sounds to be steadfastly personal to persons appears to a great degree apersonal within the written text due to the basically substitutable nature of linguistic communication. For Kristeva what affairs is non the topic outside, but the one inside the text with its all plurality and heterogeneousness where ‘subject ‘ becomes equalled with ‘not-subject, ‘-in other words, its ain other.

Poetic linguistic communication stands opposed to logic and becomes an of import issue in specifying ‘femininity in text ‘ . It “ struggles to show the non-logical ” within the wrongly assumed “ unquestionable authorization… of monologic power, ” being everlastingly insurgent to such thoughts as logic and indisputability ( 45 ) . Her ‘Semianalysis ‘ locates where semiologies and depth psychology map jointly to stop up in plurality, multiplicity, anti-theology, and anti-totalitarianism

“ Designation and idealisation, loss and melancholy, and abasement ” are cardinal thoughts to Kristevan depth psychology ( Beardsworth 227 ) . Her treatment of semiotic pattern emphasizes on the historical and cultural facet of linguistic communication, “ on the nature of poetic linguistic communication and the stucturalist impression of the mark, while besides including the extralinguistic factors of history and psychological science ” ( Davis and Schleifer 273 ) . She elaborates on her depth psychology, about the “ minutes where linguistic communication breaks up in pscychosis, [ or ] . . . where linguistic communication does n’t yet be ” ( Kristeva qtd. in Eagleton 351 ) . Capable is invariably in the procedure of going through which they get the “ individuality of lingual marks, the individuality of significance and, as a consequence the individuality of the talker, ” the three impressions implying the Immigration and Naturalization Services and outs of the present survey of Marlowe ‘s dramatic text ( 351 ) . The footings ‘subject-in-process ‘ defines ‘process ‘ as being both the psychological procedure of normative development besides “ a legal proceeding where the topic is committed to test, because our individualities in life are invariably called into inquiry, brought to test, over-ruled ” ( 351 ) . The ‘process of going ‘ is ever one of going an ‘other ‘ against control and domination integrating the dictates of their society every bit good as geting traits everlastingly at odds with social demands. The distinctive features of the single do them incorporated others to their milieus and the quest towards release, hence, becomes about tantamount to interrupting free, and opening up to new possibilities to move and believe.

Kristevan sphere of the ( M ) other, Chora, and abasement oppose the phallogocentric depth psychology which claims the climactic function of the male parent in determining the subjectiveness. She assumes the indispensable impressions of ‘lack ‘ and ‘desire ‘ emerge during a phase far before the Law of the Father, the latter assemblage importance after the loss of the Choratic integrity. Her unconscious does “ disregard negation and clip ” and is shaped by “ supplanting and condensation ” in their stead ( Kristeva qtd. in Eagleton 301 ) . That makes the strongest tie between her theory of “ lingual symbolisation ” and the pre-lingual phase of psychological normative development, the former necessarily dividing the “ everlastingly premature babe ” from Choratic integrity with the ( m ) other ( 301 ) . The inquiry of individuality, so, is of sexual kernel at the clemency of “ drama of marks ” ( 302 ) .

Unlike Plato ‘s inactive receptacle, Kristeva ‘s Chora contains polyphonic music of voices and “ flow of energy, . . . the nonexpressive entirety formed by the thrusts in motility ” ( McAfee 18 ) . The female parent ‘s organic structure has to make with the same fluidness of Ecriture Feminine where the exiled energies threaten the phallocentric coherency. Within Chora the boundaries between the selfhood of the baby and the objectiveness of the ( m ) other have non yet been shaped. This ( m ) other is “ heterogenous ; a non-me within me with which I can place, the text ” ( 29 ) . She disagrees with the antediluvian philosopher ‘s strong belief that this receptacle “ has no qualities of its ain ” and alternatively finds its motility to be “ capable of self-generated motion ( 20, 18 ) .

Such multiplicity and heterogeneousness is the status of lexical ambiguity and intertextuality where exclusion of the abject can ne’er wholly take topographic point, the other is non ever “ an other to [ the ] ego, ” holding some proportion of distinctness within ‘self ‘ ( Oliver 149 ) . Choratic abasement, so, is the going province of territorialization where multiplicity, and energy flow freely through the “ practical organic structure ” ( Bray 114 ) . There are two distinguishable definitions of ‘Other, ‘ and ‘other ‘ . Kristeva defines “ an other [ as ] ( another individual or sex, which would give us psychological humanitarianism ) or an Other ( the absolute form, God ) … in a dynamic and puzzling procedure ” ( qtd. in Eagleton 302 ) . She interprets feminine gender in footings of the abasement of the Choratic integrity, and Other moving contumaciously against the supposed phallocentric homogeneousness of Self.

Kristevan ‘body ‘ is located outside that of marks and its exclusion from this kingdom renders it a non-masculine quality. Her semiotic sphere is feminine-located in the pre-lingual phase in battle with the Symbolic Law ; hence, composing the organic structure would besides fall under such kingdom. This muliebrity, though, is non merely restricted to the feminine, in fact it is rather aplenty to the masculine, excessively.

This leads Kristeva to hold an alternate position towards ‘Poetic Language ‘ connected to the Semiotic phase of normative development and interrupting the regulations of the Symbolic where the stiff jurisprudence of the linguistic communication construction is overruled by the hints of the Semiotic. It becomes an ‘other ‘ to the observant linguistic communication of the Symbolic, implanting contrasts and contradictions ; existent and unreal, good and evil, masculine and feminine, being and non-being all exceeding the force of Law. The semiotic radical nature of poetic linguistic communication is non radically segregated from the Symbolic but in changeless battle with it to accommodate towards equilibrium. “ Certain stylistic and thematic elements ” are curious to feminine writings-be their writers adult females authors, the socio-culturally marginalized topics, or the hysterics ( Eagleton 302 ) . This “ individual Other ” of muliebrity could be wholly disappointing content-wise being “ dissenting, disillusioned, or revelatory ” ( 302 ) . Kristeva stresses that in feminine authorship if there is any construction, it is imposed upon the text unnaturally and in most other cases silence takes its topographic point.

Kristevan Femininity is recognized irrespective of gendered or ungendered visual aspect of the affair through lingual and psychoanalytic descriptions of the non-phallogocentric subjectiveness that are theorized in pre-linguistic Chora, the abject female parent, and the thought of ‘Otherness. ‘ Fragmentation, decomposition, and heterogeneousness are definable through muliebrity which opens up the possibilities of alterity and alteration, showing a “ new, secular discourse of pregnancy ” ( Beardsworth 218 ) . Yet, the “ naturalness ” of the “ maternal organic structure. . . [ is besides ] a societal fact ” tracking the “ historical destiny of ‘woman ‘ ” though such trans-historical ‘nature ‘ has remained about unexamined within the ‘fantasy ‘ with the possible opportunity of retrieving the basically psychic loss through the probe of “ immemorial semiotic ” within the sphere of the symbolic ( 219, 225 ) .

This heterogenous repressed unconscious is merely a constructed given by the Western Society. It, hence, invariably brings the heterogeneousness which stands between the Semiotic and the Symbolic. Psychoanalytical discourse so, is “ capable of turn toing this indefensible topographic point where our speech production species resides, threatened by lunacy beneath the emptiness of Eden ” challenges the thought of an changeless arrested development of “ human nature ” ( Kristeva qtd. in Beardsworth 222 ) .

The precedence of the secular flesh threatens spiritualisation ; turning the other ( babe ) within her uterus, the maternal feminine and the baby finally undergo separation right after the Choratic universe opens up to the Thetic 1. ( M ) other being the land for such pre-lingual harmoniousness and beat, in this sense, maps as a “ metaphor for those insurgent exiled energies which threaten the coherency of the phallocentric idea ” ( Bray 74 ) . Kristeva ‘s theory of subjectiveness is associated to Deleuze ‘s feminine ‘Becoming ‘ and besides the fact that “ there are certain ‘men ‘ who are familiar with this phenomenon, ” those who question “ the bounds of linguistic communication and society ” ( 268 ) . In this regard, Ecriture Feminine as defined by Kristeva is suited to the nature of the present survey sing a broad scope of persons belonging to the class of ‘women. ‘

Kristevan Ecriture Feminine translates “ minutes when linguistic communication fails us and the organic structure attempts to speakaˆ¦ [ pass oning ] the infinite between linguistic communication and the organic structure, [ the ] infinite of the ( m ) other ; ” hence, the harmoniousness between any theory of linguistic communication and the building of subjectiveness ( Bray 37 ) . Through such lingual dissidence “ multiple sublations of the ineffable, the unprepossessing, the nothingness ” are brought Forth ; the feminine desire in its absence to phallocentric presence becomes originative, productive, and free, the repressed “ possess the authority which is to be liberated ” ( qtd. in Bray 47, 52 ) . Kristevan reintroduction of Bakhtin ‘s Carnivalesque turns to a infinite of insurgent turbulence, a “ province in which hierarchies, including those constructed on gender, are rendered disorderly in a misdemeanor of the established order ” ; the “ low civilization ” , the fluidness which brings about transmutation ( Gamble 176 ) .

The feminine, hence, maps metaphorically for all the pent-up dissenter energies exemplified in Marlovian text as a container of all such forces against the universe of the Phallus. His dramas utilizing linguistic communication as a portion of meaning procedure are in conformity with what Kristeva attributes to such a medium: that through linguistic communication “ bodily thrusts and energy are expressed ” ( McAfee 14 ) . Kristevan semiotic Chora, the abasement and the fluidness of the pent-up energy freed in Ecriture Feminine requires an analysis which challenges the forcefully-imposed boundary lines of the basically patriarchal Symbolic.Writing about the Other and conveying it to the spotlight, Kristeva believes, bit by bit absorbs the authorization of the ego. The meaning medium of linguistic communication approximates Kristevan Choratic universe to Marlowe ‘s text which is constituted of the fluidness, thrusts and the impulse to specify the already unstably-defined universe of fixed thoughts.

The purpose is to take the present research toward the hypothesis of how Marlovian text as a practical organic structure can be gendered as feminine along with the possibility of taking it as Ecriture Feminine in Kristevan footings, and how the motility of the organic structure of text efforts to return to Semiotic Chora of the maternal. Marlowe ‘s supporters all are in one manner or another alienated from the organic structure of society and base in coincident distantiation and relation to the society ‘s Other.

Marlovian characters ‘ indispensable exclusion brings them Forth to the Centre phase. The feminine tapestry of Marlowe ‘s play lies in the centralisation of the other, which invariably desires to travel back into the female parent ‘s organic structure. It is as though the dramas are endeavoring to undo the characters ‘ given subjectivenesss by rewinding back to their Choratic maternal ambiance. Marlowe ‘s organic structure of play is traveling to be studied as a metaphor of feminine organic structure, the society and the elaborate elements regarded as the established subdivisions of this corporate female parent impregnated with the low characters and in inevitable, changeless resistance and attractive force with them. It is aimed in this research to specify the existence of Marlowe as being invariably in the fluidness which defies the fixed construction of the Symbolic and how he attempts to show his existence as a receptacle for ‘anything [ that ] exists ‘ . The fluidness is to be studied as a feminine quality. The hope is to render some new range for the understanding the Marlovian universe in conformity to the present poststructuralist issues of subjectiveness and the external effects behind its devising.

Definition of Key Footings

– Abasement: Harmonizing to Kristeva procedure of selfhood is attempted to carry through through disaffection. The ego strives to make boundary lines between the interior and the exterior. Yet it is unsettled by things that cross this defined boundary lines, those which one time belongs to the ego but bend to an alienated object and finally shatters the clear cut boundary line ( Mansfield ) .

– Carnivalesque: Harmonizing to Gamble Carnivalesque is a “ province in which hierarchies, including those constructed on gender, are rendered disorderly in a misdemeanor of the established order ” ( Gamble 176 ) . Russo besides claims that where the classical organic structure is associatory with the norm, order, and fastness, Carnivalesque organic structure belongs to the “ low civilization ” unfastened and fluid which brings about transmutation. Carnivalesque laughter is potentially insurgent to the fastness of the Symbolic.

– Chora: Kristeva defines Chora as the ineffable container whose being is prior to the nameable one defined by the symbolic. Chora is related to the maternal organic structure and expands its presence to adulthood and interrupt through the order of meaning. This is the phase which resists meaning and is related to Kristevan phase of Semiotic.

– Dissidence: Kristeva defines true dissidence as “ merely what it has ever been: idea. . . . Torn between being the defender of the jurisprudence and that case which disavows the jurisprudence. . . . But through the attempts of idea in linguistic communication, or exactly through the surpluss of the linguistic communication whose really battalion is the lone mark of life, one can try to convey about multiple sublations of the ineffable, the unprepossessing, the nothingness. This is the existent film editing border of dissidence ” ( Kristeva qtd. in Bray 41 ) . Choratic hints manifest their affectional being within the post-Thetic ruptures within linguistic communication, viz. poetic linguistic communication.

– Feminine Writing: or Ecriture feminine respects indispensable muliebrity to separate between a “ echt feminine authorship and other signifiers of linguistic communication ” . Irigaray finds feminine authorship and female composing metaphorically correspondent, “ a symbolic reading of anatomy ” and does non mention to feminine organic structure in biological footings ( Gamble 190 ) .

– Foreignness: The alien to Kristeva “ comes in the topographic point and position of the decease of God ” and in the status where the belief in the 1 and merely God is shaken, the strangeness constitutes the status of “ distinctness, alienation, or expatriate ” ( Kristeva, STO 40 ; KoA‚oszyc 338 )

– Negative Theology: Kristeva ‘s negative divinity, more than being a repudiation of theism, is an avowal of it in a domineering patriarchal sense where the kernel of God is considered to be hyper-physically beyond human addition. Kristeva, in this sense challenges the impossibleness of the His “ pure names uncontaminated by linguistic communication ” and seeks “ an direct experience of God beyond His Given names ” ( KoA‚oszyc 236 ) .

– Otherness: Harmonizing to Kristeva Otherness defies anything in line with monological discourse of Christianity ; it is the status of “ productiveness, negativeness, and ambiguity ” combined which keeps “ endlessly flying in a systematic pursuit of desire ” ( KoA‚oszyc 155 ; Kristeva, PH 1 ) .

– Semiotic: associated with the Pre-Oedipal phase of kid ‘s normative development, Kristeva finds this phase to incorporate “ natural thrusts understood as energy imprints, modulations, beat, or crevices within organic structure and linguistic communication – and therefore with chora ” which find infinite in literature and humanistic disciplines, infinite to uncover its “ typical grade ” as “ engraved or written mark, imprint, hint, figuration ” ( KoA‚oszyc 148 ; Kristeva, RPL 24 )

– Symbolic: This psychological stage to Kristeva refers to “ significance or meaning ” ( RPL 40 ) and embeds “ lingual, dianoetic and societal structuring, ” and limits the beat of the semiotic ; however there are inevitable minutes of ruptures though which Semiotic finds the opportunity to attest ( RPL 40 ) .

Boundary line

Marlowe ‘s both dramatic and poetic plants provide a huge land for infinite tactics on their different dimensions. To restrict the dimension of the research within the boundaries of clip and possibilities, his three universally lauded chef-d’oeuvres, Tamburlaine the Great, Part I and II The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus. The mentioned plants are to be given new visible radiation of understanding through theories proposed by Helene Cixous and Julia Kristeva. Kristevan impressions of subjectiveness, Maternal infinite and abject, and their relevancy to the text of Marlowe will be reviewed under ecriture feminine, with organic structure as the bedrock of the major plants of Gallic Feminists including Kristeva. The research may demand occasional bends to constructs of power and history, and going where necessary.

Thesis Outline

The present research aims at carry throughing a Kristevan psychoanalytic survey of Christopher Marlowe ‘s three dramatic plants Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus. It covers positions of subjectiveness which have to make with the mother/child dealingss, pre- and post-Choratic stage of psychological normative development ; and the infinite of the feminine as one which includes the Other in its varied forms. The theoretical facets are applied to the plants of Marlowe so as to happen the hints of the menace which was felt about the female organic structure of Elizabeth I by an indispensable patriarchal society.

The 2nd chapter is designated to lucubrating Julia Kristeva ‘s theory of subjectiveness insofar as they are related to the survey of Marlowe ‘s three dramas. This chapter, reappraisals and elaborates those of Kristeva ‘s critical theories that pleasantly concentrate on the kingdom of muliebrity, maternal, and feminine authorship. By the same item, the chapter falls into three major subdivisions: Kristeva ‘s impression of poetic linguistic communication ; the psychoanalytic importance of the maternal presence in the procedure of capable formation and the inevitable infinite of the female parent ; her construct of divinity in association with the menace of the feminine, giving manner to the importance of negative divinity ; and reasoning the above mentioned theoretical positions in the thought of organic structure and composing the organic structure.

Chapter Three will take the initial stairss of the present survey in the geographic expedition of femininity-related issues in the first major, dramatic work of Christopher Marlowe, Tamburlaine, Part I and II ( ca. 1587 ) . In this chapter, individuality formation is traveling to be studied in the visible radiation of its floating nature, confusion of gender functions, and the confusion of Self/Other dichotomy in the character of the supporter every bit good as some other minor characters in parts of the drama. Following, it is traveling to detect the map of negative divinity in its feminine penchant of mythic polytheism to Abrahamic monotheism.

Chapter Four studies the following major drama of Christopher Marlowe, The Jew of Malta ( ca. 1588 ) . In this chapter Barabas, the supporter, is observed in his wishful dispositions back towards the kingdom devoid of tyrannizing patriarchate ; hence, what is to be studied is more of the procedure of individuality ‘deformation ‘ instead than its ‘formation, ‘ the loss which creates the status of polymorphousness, non merely in Barabas, but in several other characters of the drama. Following to see is the dark spacing of the drama and the preoccupation with covert instead than the open infinites, the kingdom of the dark instead than the terrain of the visible radiation, which associates the ambiance of the drama with the Choratic enclosure of the Maternal uterus. Finally, the chapter is traveling to cover with the rhetorical facets of the drama which near it to the Kristevan kind of feminine authorship. This will stop up the survey of the chapter with the so patriarchal concerns over the organic structure of the single Queen.

Chapter Five starts the analytic position of Marlowe ‘s celebrated chef-d’oeuvre, Doctor Faustus, foremost with the historical background of Elizabethan times. The opacity of words are furthered in this drama by the being of two about wholly varied versions of the drama known as A-text ( ca. 1604 ) , and B-text ( ca. 1616 ) , both of which were printed long after the dramatist ‘s ill-timed decease. The history of the pattern of sorcery and witchery provides the evidences of the drama for the survey which is femininity-centred. For this ground, the following measure taken, will detect the rhetoric of the muliebrity with the enrichment of the drama with fabulous allusions of noncompliance and fractiousness of kid with regard to the discourse of the Father. This is better exemplified in the refusal of Christianity-centred beliefs by the supporter and his farther hazards of diging into the dark of the wombish hell which is strengthened by the feminine shadow of Helen of Troy, the whorish female parent, on the threshold of Hell.