Limitations Of Exporting For Small Medium Enterprises Economics Essay

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Internationalization is a major dimension of the growing of a house ( Peng & A ; Delios 2006 ) . Market liberalisation and digitisation are promoting big corporations and the SMEs to run beyond their national boundary lines and vie with each other in foreign states and new parts ( Barkema & A ; Mannix, 2002 ) .

Malaysia has current 598,000 SMEs in sum, which is lending to 32 % of GDP and 56.4 % employment rate of the state harmonizing to SME one-year study of 2008 by National SME Development Council. In Malaysia, the standards used to specify SME contributed by authorities bureaus and outstanding research workers in the countries of SMEs in Malaysia. Harmonizing to the definition, a small-scale house is a company with less than 50 full-time employees and with an one-year turnover of non more than RM10 million, whereas, a medium-scale endeavor is a company with 51 to 150 employees and with an one-year turnover of between RM10 million and RM25 million.

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The chief purpose of this research is to analyze the barriers of exporting for SMEs and ways to promote and better exporting for SMEs. It aims to look into and place the factors of SMEs being involved in exporting and what are the jobs faced. This survey outlines the background of the research, statement of the job, aims of the survey, research inquiries, hypothesis, conceptual model, operational definitions, significance of the survey and restriction of the survey.

1.2 Background of the research

The SMEs cognition or consciousness towards exporting and their willingness to accept the new attack is low. Although there are important part of SMEs to the exportation sector, but bulk of the SMEs are loath or have non ventured in to exporting. There are SMEs ‘ proprietor that are loath to accept new manner of making things. Confronting such jobs, there is a demand to happen out what are the aims of demands for SMEs to travel international earlier. No uncertainty, confronting MNCs, SMEs face many barriers in order to venture into exporting, and therefore, other factors impacting them besides need to be identified. Although there are many activities and plans being run to help the SMEs to export, non many are appreciating them and this is another uncertainty faced to be find out, and from this other possible solutions and recommendations could be developed in order to heighten exportation of SMEs.

As SMEs play a critical function in 500 economic system, it is important for the policy shaper to increase SMEs fight in order to beef up the state ‘s economic system background, by increasing its gross bring forthing capableness every bit good as a stepping rock to farther compete with the developed states. As known, traveling international would be one of the really effectual manner of increasing a house ‘s fight and one of the method of that scheme would be exporting, being defined by Teoh ( 2008 ) as the merchandising and selling of merchandises and services from the beginning state to another ; and it ‘s a major and built-in portion of international trading and commercialism.

The important of SMEs to the state ‘s economic system is extremely look upon from the statistics shown, and under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, our authorities has the purpose of forcing the statistics further to 37 % of GDP part every bit good as 57 % of employment rate from SME by 2010. However, relatively to other states, Malaysia statistics seems non to be every bit good as idea. SMEs history for 50 % of GDP in developed states and 60 % of employment part ( Patel and D ‘ Souza, 2009 ) . Mention to the tabular array:

SME as a % of entire:

Japan

South Korea

Taiwan

Malaya

Constitutions

99.7

99.8

98.2

99.2

Employment rate

69.5

85.6

77.7

56.0

Contribution to GDP

55.3

49.1

n/a

32.0

Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npc.gov.ly/doc/documents/Dr_hamw_male.pdf, 2006

The tabular array shows that Malaysia has the lowest figures in footings of all countries, dwelling of figure of constitutions, part to employment rate every bit good as GDP. Furthermore, for the GDP/total value added by SME, Malaysia stands at 47.3 % ( Normah Mohd Aris, Chief Statistician in Department of Statistics of Malaysia, 2006 ) . The statistics might one time once more look attractive, but when compared to Korea ( 50 % ) , Japan ( 55.3 % ) , Germany ( 57.0 % ) and China ( 60 % ) , Malaysia comparably stands at the lowest. Therefore, there is decidedly a demand to force the SME ‘s GDP part higher to better the state ‘s fight. It is believed that the exporting facet for SMEs is one of the chief factors of that. Harmonizing to Department of Statistics ( 2006 ) , SMEs that qualify as an export oriented industry is merely 0.4 % as for twelvemonth 2003, and for fabrication sector, merely 3.0 % of them are involved in exporting activities. The low figure shows that SMEs in Malaysia has a really low ability to export, every bit good as the purpose of it.

“ Global exports have grown dramatically from about $ 40 billion in 1945 to $ 13.68 trillion in 2007, doing it one the fastest-growing economic activities ” ( WTO, 2007 ) . Therefore, SMEs in Malaysia should follow the tendency by farther encourage SMEs into exporting as it is the tendency in economic activities, being able to bring forth high gross, lending to the state ‘s GDP. In 2003 and 2005 severally, the SME ‘s portion of entire exports stand at 18.9 % and 19.0 % ( Anon. , 2006 ) and the Ninth Malaysia Plan has a mark of forcing the figure to 22 % by the twelvemonth of 2010, which is rather a quantum spring looking at 500 growing rate from twelvemonth 2003 to twelvemonth 2005.

Hence, cognizing the challenge, restrictions of exporting for SMEs have to be identified as aid for the mark to be nearer to the current state of affairs. Harmonizing to Katsikeas and Morgan ( 1994 ) , SMEs face restrictions largely related to resources, runing troubles and trade limitations. Strengthen by Tesfom and Lutz ( 2006 ) , they states that the exportation restrictions are normally related to deficiency of organisational resources. The writers fundamentally agree that resources are the major drawbacks for SMEs to venture into exporting.

In a research by the European Commission ( 2004 ) , available in a research study by Onkellnx and Sleuwaegen ( 2008 ) , the bing Torahs and ordinances ; and deficiency of capital are both the major external export barriers for SMEs in Europe, both at 11 % . For the internal export barriers, the high costs of internationalisation procedure, with 22 % , is the highest amongst the others barriers in the same research. For the full elaborate research consequence, refer to the Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.

On the other manus, Wortzel and Wortzel ( 1981 ) stated holding limited abroad operations such as distribution and promotional activities in the export markets would be another restrictions for SMEs to travel be successful in exporting activities. Furthermore, Karafakioglu ( 1986 ) argued that hapless authorities export publicity services ( beginnings of information and hapless organized trade carnivals ) is besides lending to the restrictions of exportation, agreed by Bodur ( 1986 ) , Turkey environment.

Statement of the job

No uncertainty attempts have been put in by involved parties to actuate SMEs proprietor to venture into exporting activities, but nevertheless, it does non seems to work every bit effectual as aimed. Therefore, this research will let relevant parties to understand why the attempts are non conveying out the intended result by understanding the SMEs outlook, possibly the consciousness of exporting and its advantages are still low amongst them, or their jobs are non being look at from the same position by the external parties. By carry throughing and understanding the factors, more relevant plans and attempts could be designed and delivered to actuate the SMEs to venture into exporting.

By being able to increase the consciousness of SMEs proprietors on exportation, and how this scheme wins over other international manner of entry methods, credence to venture into exporting concern will be besides higher, decidedly with the aid

of the improved runs, different relevant plans, every bit good as on class aid such as subsidies to actuate them. With exporting rates on the rise, rate of failure in international venturing for SME will be expected to drop and GDP, being extremely affected by exporting activities as mentioned earlier, will besides increase overtime. Therefore, this research will decidedly be important for the state and concern leaders to force the economic system criterions higher and go more competitory in the planetary environment, being nearer to the state ‘s vision of being a to the full developed state in close hereafter.

Secondarily, this research besides put a encouragement at the academic mention on the international concern country, chiefly on exporting, by leting other research workers and bookmans with more secondary informations to farther better on the country of survey. However, this will besides stands as a platform for farther betterments to be made, non merely increasing academic stuffs, but besides on the relevant practicians to understand the relevant subject more in-depth and use the theories into existent life, heightening the economic stableness every bit good.

Research aims

. This research intends to run into the following specific aims:

To happen out the degree of consciousness, or the purposes of SMEs to affect and prosecute in exporting in order to spread out and to travel international.

To place the barriers for SMEs in cross boundary line concern in footings of exporting method.

To happen out how the barriers would be reduced for the SME to detect what other motives that would promote SMEs to export.

1.5 Research inquiries

This research serves as an attempt to fulfill the wonder if SMEs being cognizant of exporting being a method or stepping rock of come ining a foreign market, or have the local SMEs really have the purpose to prosecute the scheme? However, if they had, what would be the factors or challenges keeping them back, or the restrictions faced by current SMEs that have been exporting? In order to cut down the issues and jobs faced by the SMEs, what attempt could hold been taken, possibly by assorted governments or stakeholders, to cut down them? However, seting the old independent variables aside, what are other grounds that could actuate SMEs to use exportation as a foreign market entry scheme?

Research hypothesis

From the interview and generalised questionnaire, it is expected to hold a consequence of low consciousness on the benefits of exporting. Besides that, the research will most likely show that SMEs have low purposes to travel international. Besides that, the factors of the result mentioned could be identified from the informations analyzing of the general questionnaire answered by assorted SMEs ‘ proprietors. The SMEs proprietor are besides expected to be incognizant of the benefits of plans and aid provided by assorted parties to assist them in exporting, therefore they are really loath to travel frontward as being conservative on the resources incurred and the likely hazards faced by them. This will assist reply the research inquiries, as for factors to be identified on why SMEs are acting that manner.

From the research, the consequence gotten can be expected for SMEs proprietors to non merely portion the concerns on exporting attempt, but besides how to cut down that type of outlook among them, by the unfastened ended inquiries from the interview. Most likely, the reply to that would be the costs restrictions, and the information available for SMEs in the international range, as that is critical for them to market their merchandises or services, being unknown internationally. Malaysia ‘s SMEs will besides hold the fright for the unknown as they do non cognize the civilization and purchasing behaviour differences from different states. However, these factors as believed will non merely use in the place state, as most 3rd universe state will confront the same jobs, difference to more developed states as they will hold more assurance from consumers globally. From at that place, related parties could so work on the factors given, and could cut down the spread for SMEs, with the closer attack to the existent life factors given to travel international as to carry through the motives needed for SMEs to venture into that.

Significance of the survey

Competitive SMEs can transform parts and economic systems ( Anon. from United Nations, 2002 ) . Bing the anchor of Malaysia ‘s economic system, SMEs are lending to a major per centum of the state ‘s GDP besides playing a really critical function in supplying occupation chance, prolonging the state ‘s employment rate at a healthy degree. Bing a cardinal subscriber to Malaysia, SMEs therefore have to be motivated to further heighten its strength in footings of gross or influence in the planetary market ; and one of the ways, being get downing with exporting every bit mentioned in the debut.

Looking at exporting statistics by WTO ( 2006 ) , Malaysia stands at 1.3 % portion exporters list in the universe, lending value of $ 160.7 billion. Relatively, state such as Germany has a 9.2 % portion, lending to $ 1,112 billion, France with 4.1 % to $ 490.4 billion, Italy at 3.4 % , with value of $ 410.6 billion, Japan has 5.4 % portion, lending to $ 649.9 billion, Republic of Korea at 2.7 % , for $ 325.5 billion and Singapore with 2.2 % for $ 271.8 billion, Chinese Taipei with evaluation at 1.9 % at $ 223.8 billion. Looking at the statistics, Malaysia has to set more attempt in exporting to better its value gotten from it to better the state ‘s economic system standing, holding a healthier Balance of Payment, with the aid of SMEs as the states mentioned, most of them are Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) states and “ SMEs are a major economic subscriber for OECD states, accounting for up to 97 % of houses, representing between 40 % and 60 % of GDP, and up to 70 % of employment ” ( National SME Development Council, 2009 )

However, there are jobs originating from the scene, foremost being the SMEs cognition or consciousness towards exporting and their willingness to accept the new attack. Although there are important part of SMEs to the exportation sector, but bulk of the SMEs are loath or have non ventured in to exporting. There are SMEs ‘ proprietor that are loath to accept new manner of making things as they possibly do non understand the constructs or possibly some other factors, that are traveling to be found out in this research. Confronting such jobs, there is a demand to happen out what are the aims of demands for SMEs to travel international earlier. No uncertainty, confronting MNCs, SMEs face many barriers in order to venture into exporting, and therefore, other factors forestalling them in making so hold to be identified as good, and examined to understand the more thorough state of affairs in the market. Although there are many activities and plan being run to help the SMEs to export, non many are appreciating them and this is another uncertainty faced to be find out, and from this other possible solutions and recommendations could be developed in order to heighten exportation of SMEs.

Restriction of the survey

The cost of the research would be the chief factor. That is besides one of the grounds that merely Kuala Lumpur ‘s SMES are chosen as the mailing cost can be reduced. Besides that, transit cost would besides be incurred to execute the interviews. In add-on, clip would besides be a factor as merely nine months are available for the proposed undertaking. The clip for primary informations assemblage would be toughest as waiting for the response from houses might take longer clip than expected..

Besides on response rates, it is besides a concern to non acquire the expected response rates, as proprietors of SMEs might non hold the clip to answer as they are either busy with concern activities or non interested in acquiring involved. Besides that, it is besides a restriction for the research if the sample would give sincere replies, being introvert to state the truth on the state of affairs on their concern, particularly for the interviews as that will impact the result straight. Therefore, the inquiries set demand to travel through reappraisals to guarantee that no struggles to originate during the interview Sessionss

1.9 Decision

The undertaking will be review by the concern users and different degrees of direction. It besides could be the research findings when the mention of this research paper could be portion of the part to the organisation particularly for the SMEs for exporting in Malaysia. This is because they could portion the exporting schemes in their work force and besides understand the manner of cut downing barriers to promote more exportation.

The surveies of this research paper could profit the organisation as they know what the jobs they are confronting and how to cut down hazards in exporting industry. Hence, they can do the right determination which could likely convey positive or negative deductions to their organisation.

Since the term of “ globalisation ” has going the tendency of the international concern universe, this undertaking could profit the future employability of pupils by understanding the term of “ Exporting ” which could assist the SMEs to travel internationally and convey benefits to the organisation. This could be portion of the of import cognition as a concern pupil.

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Exporting is the merchandising and selling of merchandises and services from the beginning state to another. It is a major and built-in portion of international trading and commercialism. ( Teoh 2008 ) Exports are non ever initiated by possible exporters, but really frequently by importers who have a more intimate apprehension of the possible market demand in their state. In order for SMEs in Malaysia to success in exporting, SMEs can follow the 12 stairss to successful exporting which includes export potency, export preparedness and the timing, research on abroad market, export concern program, choice distribution channels, formalise distribution understanding, export pricing, advertise and publicity, secure foremost export order, export dealing and certification and besides money affairs. All these will assist and steer SMEs to prolong success and survive in the export concern. ( Teoh 2008 )

Related Research on Barriers of Exporting for SMEs

Small size companies are beginning for cheaper stuffs while bigger SMEs companies with good merchandises and services will travel for exports in order to construct wider web and larn the action by rivals in the trade carnival every bit good as procuring inexpensive beginnings. ( Lee 2010 )

A major job faced by SMES in order to travel to international trade is the cost of publicity. SMEs can derive aids by authorities by using market development grants. Local SMEs should see the Asiatic market due to the lower entry cost and flexible international trade ordinances. ( Lee 2010 )

Besides that, SMEs face another job which is procuring financing installations particularly for enlargement and stuff sourcing. SMEs should guarantee that their merchandises carry through the demand by possible purchasers overseas because it is difficult to acquire possible purchasers overseas. In add-on, SMEs should seek the aid and audience of assorted bureaus such as MATRADE. ( Peter 2010 )

Among the challenges faced by SMEs when traveling abroad is the deficiency of market acquaintance given the competitory environment in the international sphere. Many of them participate in trade carnivals but covering with clients or concerns in other markets is different from Malaysia. SMEs can easy neglect if they are non careful. Currency exchange fluctuation is another concern for SMEs when it comes to international trade. ( Peter 2010 )

There are ever hazards in concern and in the instance of export concern ; the hazards are more apparent since it involves covering with clients from assorted states. Hazards are obstructions that prevent you from accomplishing your concern aims. Hence, if they are non managed decently they can take to serious effects like impeding concern continuity and enduring unneeded losingss. Covering with hazards is like any other everyday determinations that the SMEs has to do in the class of SMEs concern. The best attack is to place the hazard and extinguish it.

When internationalising operations, SMEs see different challenges than big organisations. SMEs have less experience with environmental contexts in different states, less power to defy the demand of host authoritiess, less repute and fiscal resources every bit good as fewer resources for pull offing international operations. The top 10 barriers to entree to international market as identified by a recent OECD study on 978 SMEs worldwide include deficit of working capital to finance exports, placing foreign concern chances, limited information to turn up and analyze markets, inability to reach possible abroad clients, obtaining dependable foreign representation, deficiency of managerial clip to cover with internationalisation, unequal measure of untrained forces for internationalisation, trouble in pull offing rivals ‘ monetary values, deficiency of place authorities aid and inordinate transit and insurance costs. ( Marion 2008 )

2.3 Related Research on Ways to Better Exporting for SMEs

Global Supplier Program ( GSP ) .A The GSP is a farther extension of ILP and provides an avenue for SMEs to take part in the international supply concatenation. Under the GSP, there are several advantages for domestic SMEs. First, it provides SMEs with the chance to benchmark and follow international best patterns. Second, it offers a platform for SMEs to interact and web with MNCs. Third, it contributes to cut downing import dependence of MNCs while at the same clip spread outing export markets for SMEs. Fifth, it strengthens and adds deepness to the industrial construction as increasing Numberss of parts and constituents come within the fabrication capableness of SMEs. These SMEs in bend sub-contract secondary procedures to other SMEs. Seventh, it provides an effectual agencies for SMEs to incorporate cognition into their production procedures and paves the manner for them to leverage on the knowledge-based economic system

( SMIDP 2002: 21 ) .

A

Market Development Program. This plan aims to ease the entry of domestic SMEs into export markets. Among the early market entree chances introduced in Malaysia is the Incorporate Marketing Program or Umbrella Program of the eightiess. Through these plans, proficient bureaus work closely with bureaus and established ground tackle companies to help SME to fabricate quality merchandises for both domestic and export markets. An anchor-vendor ( or sub-contracting ) agreement plan purposes to speed up the development of SMEs as ancillaryA industries to complement activities with large-scale industries, particularly MNCs ( UNDP 2007: 23 ) . Agencies such as MATRADE facilitate the engagement of SMEs at trade carnivals and trade missions by financing their engagement costs. The Ministry of Entrepreneur and Co-operative Development ( MECD ) , SMIDEC, and the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs besides provide fiscal support and aid bundles to convey SME merchandises to the market topographic point. SMIDEC besides has its Annual Showcase ( SMIDEX ) . This event gives SMEs an chance to exhibit their goods and show their service capablenesss to possible clients, and help them to research possible linkages and web with MNCs and larger endeavors. In 2003 this event attracted 4,277 trade visitants, facilitated 183 business-matching Sessionss between 37 MNCs and 50 SMEs ( SMIDEC 2004 ) .

A

Brand-SME Development Program. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry ( MITI ) has spearheaded the Brand-SME Development Program, aims to advance, reinforce and prolong the value of single SME trade names through a National Mark. This plan marks to advance the acknowledgment of the National Mark to heighten the acceptableness of SMEs ‘ merchandises and services in the domestic and foreign markets. The purpose of the plan is to set up 100 SME trade names overseas within four old ages ( BNM 2007: 45 ) .

A

Technology Development Program. The plan aims to advance the use of appropriate engineering and upgrading bing engineering of SMEs. Upgrading of engineering is one manner to travel up the value-chain of production in the competitory planetary economic system. Grants such as Product and Process Improvement Fund ( ITAF2 ) provide aid to upgrade SMEs ‘ technological capablenesss ; and Technology Development Fund ( TAF ) facilitates the acquisition procedure.

A

Research & A ; Development and Innovation Program

The authorities encourages R & A ; D and invention via many channels, among others are MOSTI, IGS, MTDC and CRDF to assist increase the fight of domestic SMEs by forcing companies up to the higher-value concatenation. To farther heighten the fight of domestic SMEs, the authorities has through SIRIM Berhad, devotes much attempts to hike the economic potency of SMEs by embarking into engineering concern incubation. A technology-incubating plan is an advanced system designed to help enterprisers in the development of new technology-based houses, both start-ups and newcomers. It seeks to efficaciously associate endowment, engineering, capital and know-how to leverage entrepreneurial endowment in order to speed up the development of new companies, and therefore rush the commercialisation of engineering. In this context, engineering concern incubation is a platform for start-up endeavors to convey merchandises and concern thoughts to the market ( UNDP 2007: 26 ) .

A

The authorities besides initiates the National SME Innovation Focal Point, established in March 2007. This focal point is a coaction between industry associations, enterprisers, research establishments, moneymans ( including venture capitalists ) and relevant Government bureaus to explicate enterprises and plans for the development of innovation-driven SMEs. A engineering and Innovation Showcase was organized in June 2007 whereby a sum of 53 ready-tocommercialize research undertakings were showcased and 22 of these undertakings were adopted by SMEs ( BNM 2007: 45 ) .

A

Skills Upgrading Program. As the Malayan economic system is pitching towards the knowledge-based economic system, programs have been implemented to increase the demand for the development of human capital. Third instruction both in the public and private sectors have increased over the last decennary to turn to the longer-term demands of assorted industries, while short-run plans are being developed to decide immediate deficits. Attempts were besides made to develop a pool of proficient accomplishments and semi-professionals ( Saleh and Ndubisi 2006: 23 ) .

A

In respect to SMEs this plan aimed at heightening the accomplishments and capablenesss of employees of SMEs in the proficient and managerial degrees, peculiarly in critical countries such as the electrical and electronics, information engineering, industrial design and technology Fieldss. Currently SMIDEC has appointed 42 developing suppliers to set about proficient accomplishments developing for SMEs. Among others are, German-Malaysia Institute ( GMI ) , Penang Development Centre ( PSDC ) , SIRIM Berhad, Malaysia Productivity Corporation ( MPC ) , and Bureau of Innovation and Consultancy ( www.smidec.gov.my ) . ( Chin 2010 )

2.4 Drumhead

Attempts mentioned are functioning to authorise and broaden chances for little and average endeavors. ( APEC 2004 )

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The present research efforts to look into and place the degree of consciousness of SMEs to affect in exporting and to place the barriers for SMEs in cross boundary line concern in footings of exporting method and to happen out how the barriers would be cut down to promote SMEs to export.

3.2 Research Design

This research paper will utilize PEST analysis to analyse the external factor of SMEs in Exporting country in order to progress to higher degree. The PEST analysis will place how does it being related to the peculiar industry every bit good as conveying the results of the industry.

The SWOT analysis will be use in this undertaking in order to analysis the internal and besides portion of the external factor of the SMEs. However, this research focal point on placing the barriers for SMEs in exporting and to happen solution to cut down the barriers in order to increase encourages SMEs to export.

3.3 Data Analysis

The research paper will be conducted through primary research and secondary research which acquiring information harmonizing to the aims of this undertaking. Research is portion of of import procedure because it will take to the quality of the consequence of this undertaking.

This is an explorative research information assemblage comes more of import edifice and proving theory. Beginnings of information from secondary informations will be gotten from assorted beginnings such as on-line diaries, authorities sites and relevant web sites to construct on the literature reappraisal for farther findings and to derive more statistics in support for the research subject.

This research will be utilizing a mix method attack to obtain primary informations. A mix method is relevant because there is non adequate information on the variables of the research to straight travel frontward to questionnaires. Hence, interview session with unfastened ended inquiries would assist happen out more about the related independent variables. For now, it is proposed that five SME ‘s proprietor to be interviewed to acquire an in-depth image of the state of affairs. Then, a generalised questionnaire will be adapted and edited to prove it in the Malaysia environment to guarantee that the result of the consequence to be more relevant and believable. It is anticipating to hold a sample size of 15 respondents dwelling of SMEs proprietors or applicable persons to the field for the questionnaire to be distributed. It is besides anticipating to direct out about 200 questionnaires and anticipating a 15 % response rate out of it. Electronic mails will be sent every bit good as direct mails in order to increase the response rate. Questionnaires created can be found at Appendix 4

The sampling method for both the mentioned attacks would be on chance sample designs as lone SMEs would be chosen for the research. An country trying under the bunch trying would be applied for the questionnaires, as merely SMEs in Kuala Lumpur would be approached. This is due to most SMEs to be located here ( 37 % out of all SMEs, by Department of Statistics of Malaysia ) , every bit good as holding a more competitory environment for concern, therefore holding a higher chance of them embarking farther for their concern, which might be exporting. However, after using the country trying method, the simple method would be used to hold random samples from the list. From the responses gotten, the quantitative replies would so be extracted and analyzed to happen out if the independent variables gotten from the interviews to be applicable to the sample itself.

3.4 Decision

( 5000 Words )

Mentions

Books

Anon. , 2002, Bulletin on Asia-Pacific Perspectives 2002/03, New York, United Nations

Marion F.,2008, International Human Resource Management [ Fifth Edition ] , Thomson Learning.

National SME Development Council, 2009, SME Annual Report 2008, Malaysia, SMECORP

Onkellnx J. and Sleuwaegen L. , 2008, Internationalisation of SMEs, Flanders District of Creativity.

Teoh A.B. , 2008, Exporting and International Trade, Cyclair Sdn. Bhd.

Diaries

Bodur M. , 1986, A Studey of Nature and iNternsity of Problems Experienced by Turkish Exporting Firms, Advances in International Marketing, pp. 203-232

Karafakioglu M. , 1986, Export Activities of Turkish Exporters, International Marketing Review, pp. 34-43

Katsikeas C. S. and Morgan R. E. , 1994, Differences in Perceptions of Exporting Problems Based on Firm Size and Export Market Experience, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 28 ( 5 ) , pp. 17-35

Tesfom G. and Lutz C. A. , 2006, A Categorization of Export Marketing Problems of Small and Medium Sized fabrication Firms in Developing Countries, International Journal of Emerging Market, Vol. 1 ( 3 ) , pp. 262-281

Wortzel L. H. and Wortzel H. W. , 1981, Export Marketing Strategies for NIC and LDC-Based Firms, Columbia Journal of World Business, pp. 51-60

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Appendix 1

Beginning: European Commission ( 2004 ) , via Onkellnx and Sleuwaegen ( 2008 )

Appendix 2

Beginning: European Commission ( 2004 ) , via Onkellnx and Sleuwaegen ( 2008 )

A Appendix 3

The enabling environment for SME development in Malaysia is shown in Appendix 3.